@prefix : <http://purl.org/spar/bido-research-career-category/> .
@prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> .
@prefix bido: <http://purl.org/spar/bido/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix ns1: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2012/04/tvc/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix reg: <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#> .
@prefix schema: <https://schema.org/> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix time: <http://www.w3.org/2006/time#> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix vs: <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

dc:creator a owl:AnnotationProperty .

dc:date a owl:AnnotationProperty .

dc:description a owl:AnnotationProperty .

dc:rights a owl:AnnotationProperty .

dc:title a owl:AnnotationProperty .

<http://purl.org/spar/bido-research-career-category> a owl:Ontology ;
    rdfs:label "BiDO Research Career Category module (BiDO-Research-Career-Category)" ;
    dc:contributor "Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)"^^xsd:string ;
    dc:creator "Enrico Motta (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-1952)",
        "Francesco Osborne (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-3131)",
        "Silvio Peroni (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)" ;
    dc:date "2026-08-14" ;
    dc:description """
This is an additional module of BiDO that extends the class `bido:CategorialBibliometricData` of the core module with specific categories describing the research career of people. 

![The architecture of BiDO-Research-Career-Category module.](bido-research-career-category.png)

These categories are described by the class `bido:ResearchCareerCategory`, which is characterised by four specific dimensions that have been used by our algorithm to cluster citation data:
* the _research period considered_, i.e., the interval of research years that the algorithm is taking into consideration (e.g., the first 5/10 years);
* the _curve_, i.e., the specific shape proper to the clusters identified by the algorithm, which is characterised by a trend (flat/increasing/decreasing) and, in the latter two cases, by an acceleration or deceleration point (none or premature, median, overdue acceleration/deceleration);
* the _slope_ of such curve, in terms of strength (low/moderate/high) and kind of growth (linear/polynomial/exponential/logarithmic);
* the _order of magnitude_, which categorises the number of citations received in the considered period according to a uniform model of common-sense estimation [1], which describes intervals of half-order of magnitude – i.e., “[0,1)”, “[1,3)”, “[3,9)”, “[9,27)”, “[27,81)”, “[81,243)”, “[243,729)”, etc.
"""@en ;
    dc:title "The BiDO Research Career Category module (BiDO-Research-Career-Category)" ;
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Osborne, F., Peroni, S., Motta, E. (2014). Clustering Citation Distributions for Semantic Categorization and Citation Prediction. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Science (LISC 2014): 24–35. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1282/lisc2014_submission_9.pdf" ;
    dcterms:created "2014-08-11" ;
    dcterms:issued "2014-08-11" ;
    dcterms:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
    dcterms:modified "2026-08-14" ;
    dcterms:publisher <https://ror.org/00wb4mk85> ;
    dcterms:source <https://github.com/SPAROntologies/bido/blob/master/docs/cq.md> ;
    bibo:doi "https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.d7f0a9" ;
    bibo:status <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/status/published> ;
    vann:changes """
* **v1.1.1**: Added new documentation, including annotation properties (e.g., `bibo:doi`, `schema:codeRepository`, etc.), term properties (e.g., `vann:example`, `vs:term_status`, etc.), exemplary competency questions with their respective SPARQL queries, and a Grafoo diagram.
    """@en ;
    vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "bido"@en ;
    vann:preferredNamespaceUri "http://purl.org/spar/bido"@en ;
    rdfs:seeAlso <http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/bido> ;
    owl:backwardCompatibleWith :2014-08-11 ;
    owl:imports <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core> ;
    owl:priorVersion :2014-08-11 ;
    owl:versionIRI :2026-08-14 ;
    owl:versionInfo "1.1.1" ;
    foaf:logo <https://github.com/SPAROntologies/bido/blob/master/spar.png> ;
    schema:codeRepository <https://github.com/SPAROntologies/bido> ;
    schema:includedInDataCatalog <https://fairsharing.org/> .

bido:0-1 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[0,1)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:0-1 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 0 (included) and 1 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:1-3 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[1,3)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:1-3 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 1 (included) and 3 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:10-years-beginning a owl:NamedIndividual,
        time:Interval ;
    rdfs:label "10 years beginning"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:concernsResearchPeriod bido:10-years-beginning .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The interval covering the first 10 years of a research career."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:15-years-beginning a owl:NamedIndividual,
        time:Interval ;
    rdfs:label "15 years beginning"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:concernsResearchPeriod bido:15-years-beginning .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The interval covering the first 15 years of a research career."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:19683-59049 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[19683,59049)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:19683-59049 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 19683 (included) and 59049 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:2187-6561 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[2187,6561)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:2187-6561 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 2187 (included) and 6561 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:243-729 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[243,729)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:243-729 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 243 (included) and 729 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:27-81 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[27,81)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:27-81 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 27 (included) and 81 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:3-9 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[3,9)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:3-9 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 3 (included) and 9 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:5-years-beginning a owl:NamedIndividual,
        time:Interval ;
    rdfs:label "5 years beginning"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:concernsResearchPeriod bido:5-years-beginning .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The interval covering the first 5 years of a research career."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:6561-19683 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[6561,19683)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:6561-19683 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 6561 (included) and 19683 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:729-2187 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[729,2187)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:729-2187 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 729 (included) and 2187 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:81-243 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[81,243)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:81-243 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 81 (included) and 243 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:9-27 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "[9,27)" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:9-27 .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The citation interval between 9 (included) and 27 (excluded)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:accordingTo a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "according to"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-bibliometric-data-in-time a bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
        bido:accordingTo :my-organization ;
        bido:withBibliometricData :my-numeric-bibliometric-data .

    :my-organization a prov:Agent .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a bibliometric data in time situation and an agent who provided such data."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:range prov:Agent ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:withinContext,
        prov:wasAttributedTo ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:concernsResearchPeriod a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "concerns research period"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:concernsResearchPeriod bido:5-years-beginning .

    bido:5-years-beginning a time:Interval .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a research career category and the research period that caracterises it."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range time:Interval ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:exponential a bido:Growth,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "exponential"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:exponential .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "An exponential growth pattern characterising the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:flat a bido:Trend,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "flat"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:flat .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A constant trend characterising the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasCurve a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has curve"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:increasing ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-deceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a research career category and the curve that characterises it."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:Curve ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasGrowth a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has growth"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:exponential .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between the slope and the related growth."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:Slope ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:Growth ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has order of magnitude"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:243-729 .

    bido:243-729 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a research career category and the order of magnitude of the citation distribution that characterises it."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:OrderOfMagnitude ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasSlope a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has slope"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:low ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:exponential .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a research career category and the slope of the curve that characterises it."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:Slope ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasStrength a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has strength"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:low .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between the slope and the related strength."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:Slope ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:Strength ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:high a bido:Strength,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "high"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:high .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A high strength characterizing the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:linear a bido:Growth,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "linear"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:linear .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A linear growth pattern characterizing the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:logarithmic a bido:Growth,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "logarithmic"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:logarithmic .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A logarithmic growth pattern characterizing the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:low a bido:Strength,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "low"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:low .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A low strength characterizing the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:median-acceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "median acceleration"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:median-acceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "An acceleration point located in the middle of the considered research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:median-deceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "median deceleration"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:median-deceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A deceleration point located in the middle of the considered research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:moderate a bido:Strength,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "moderate"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:moderate .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A moderate strength characterizing the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:none a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "none"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:none .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "No significant acceleration or deceleration point along the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:overdue-acceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "overdue acceleration"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:overdue-acceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "An acceleration point occurring late in the considered research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:overdue-deceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "overdue deceleration"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:overdue-deceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A deceleration point occurring late in the considered research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:polynomial a bido:Growth,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "polynomial"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:polynomial .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A polynomial growth pattern characterizing the slope of the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:premature-acceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "premature acceleration"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-acceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "An acceleration point occurring early in the considered research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:premature-deceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "premature deceleration"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-deceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A deceleration point occurring early in the considered research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

rdfs:comment a owl:AnnotationProperty .

rdfs:isDefinedBy a owl:AnnotationProperty .

rdfs:label a owl:AnnotationProperty .

owl:Thing a owl:Class .

owl:versionInfo a owl:AnnotationProperty .

<http://purl.org/spar/bido-core> a owl:Ontology ;
    rdfs:label "BiDO Core module (BiDO-Core)"@en ;
    dc:contributor "Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)"^^xsd:string ;
    dc:creator "Enrico Motta (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-1952)"^^xsd:string,
        "Francesco Osborne (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-3131)"^^xsd:string,
        "Silvio Peroni (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)"^^xsd:string ;
    dc:date "2026-09-13" ;
    dc:description """
The core module of BiDO allows us to describe any entity and the related bibliometric data (through the property `bido:holdsBibliometricDataInTime`) at a certain time (i.e., `tvc:atTime`, a property defined by the imported TVC ontology for specifying temporal instants or intervals) and according to a certain agent (through the property `bido:accordingTo`, which is a sub-property of `prov:wasAttributedTo` and allows us to indicate the agent responsible for such bibliometric data).

![The architecture of the BiDO-Core module.](bido-core.png)

Two alternative kinds of bibliometric data are specifiable (through the property `bido:withBibliometricData`) in BiDO: numeric data and categorial data. 
Numeric data are those characterised by a certain integer or float value related to a particular bibliometric measure. 
Some of these measures – i.e., h-index, author citation count, e-index, and journal impact factor – are available in a particular module of BiDO responsible for describing the most common bibliometric measures.
"""@en ;
    dc:title "BiDO Core module (BiDO-Core)"@en ;
    dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Osborne, F., Peroni, S., Motta, E. (2014). Clustering Citation Distributions for Semantic Categorization and Citation Prediction. In Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Science (LISC 2014): 24–35. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1282/lisc2014_submission_9.pdf" ;
    dcterms:created "2015-07-14" ;
    dcterms:issued "2015-07-14" ;
    dcterms:license <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
    dcterms:modified "2026-09-13" ;
    dcterms:publisher <https://ror.org/00wb4mk85> ;
    dcterms:source <https://github.com/SPAROntologies/bido/blob/master/docs/cq.md> ;
    bibo:doi "https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.d7f0a9" ;
    bibo:status <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/status/published> ;
    vann:changes """
* **v1.2.1**: Added new documentation, including annotation properties (e.g., `bibo:doi`, `schema:codeRepository`, etc.), term properties (e.g., `vann:example`, `vs:term_status`, etc.), exemplary competency questions with their respective SPARQL queries, and a Grafoo diagram.
* **v1.2.2**: Fixed `tvc:atTime` range, adding `time:TemporalEntity`.
    """@en ;
    vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "bido"@en ;
    vann:preferredNamespaceUri "http://purl.org/spar/bido"@en ;
    rdfs:seeAlso <http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/bido> ;
    owl:backwardCompatibleWith <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/2026-08-14> ;
    owl:imports <http://purl.org/spar/tvc> ;
    owl:priorVersion <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/2026-08-14> ;
    owl:versionIRI <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/2026-09-13> ;
    owl:versionInfo "1.2.2"^^xsd:string ;
    foaf:logo <https://github.com/SPAROntologies/bido/blob/master/spar.png> ;
    schema:codeRepository <https://github.com/SPAROntologies/bido> ;
    schema:includedInDataCatalog <https://fairsharing.org/> .

bido:CategorialBibliometricData a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "categorial bibliometric data"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-person a foaf:Person ;
        bido:holdsBibliometricDataInTime :my-bibliometric-data-in-time .

    :my-bibliometric-data-in-time a bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
        bido:accordingTo :my-organization ;
        bido:withBibliometricData :my-categorial-bibliometric-data .

    :my-categorial-bibliometric-data a bido:CategorialBibliometricData .
    """,
        """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:243-729 ;
        bido:concernsResearchPeriod bido:5-years-beginning .

    bido:ResearchCareerCategory rdfs:subClassOf bido:CategorialBibliometricData .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "Categorical information that characterises publication-related entities from a bibliometric point of view."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:subClassOf bido:BibliometricData,
        skos:Concept ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:decreasing a bido:Trend,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "decreasing" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:decreasing .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A decreasing trend characterizing the curve." ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasAccelerationPoint a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has acceleration point" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-deceleration .

    bido:premature-deceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a curve and its acceleration point." ;
    rdfs:domain bido:Curve ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:AccelerationPoint ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasMeasure a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has measure"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-numeric-bibliometric-data a bido:NumericBibliometricData ;
        bido:hasMeasure bido:journal-impact-factor .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between some bibliometric data and a measure (e.g., h-index, e-index, journal impact factor)."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:NumericBibliometricData ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:range bido:BibliometricMeasure ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasNumericValue a owl:DatatypeProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has numeric value"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-numeric-bibliometric-data a bido:NumericBibliometricData ;
        bido:hasNumericValue "2.464"^^xsd:float .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The actual value of the bibliometric data in consideration."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:NumericBibliometricData ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:range [ a rdfs:Datatype ;
            owl:unionOf ( xsd:float xsd:integer ) ] ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:hasTrend a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has trend" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:increasing .

    bido:increasing a bido:Trend .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a curve and its trend." ;
    rdfs:domain bido:Curve ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:range bido:Trend ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:holdsBibliometricDataInTime a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "holds bibliometric data in time",
        "holds bibliometric data in time"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-journal a fabio:Journal ;
        bido:holdsBibliometricDataInTime :my-bibliometric-data-in-time .

    :my-bibliometric-data-in-time a bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
        bido:accordingTo :my-organization ;
        bido:withBibliometricData :my-numeric-bibliometric-data .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a person or any other publication-related entity and bibliometric data that the entity holds. The ontology permits one to specify the time period over which a bibliometric data is held, and the other contextual entities responsible for having provided such bibliometric data.",
        "The relation between a person or any other publication-related entity and bibliometric data that the entity holds."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:range bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:hasValue ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable ;
    skos:note """
The ontology permits one to specify the time period over which a bibliometric data is held, and the other contextual entities responsible for having provided such bibliometric data.
    """@en .

bido:increasing a bido:Trend,
        owl:NamedIndividual ;
    rdfs:label "increasing" ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-category a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:increasing .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "An increasing trend characterizing the curve." ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:withBibliometricData a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "with bibliometric data",
        "with bibliometric data"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-journal a fabio:Journal ;
        bido:holdsBibliometricDataInTime :my-bibliometric-data-in-time .

    :my-bibliometric-data-in-time a bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
        bido:accordingTo :my-organization ;
        bido:withBibliometricData :my-numeric-bibliometric-data .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between an entity's bibliometric data in time and a definition of the type of bibliometric data held by this entity.",
        "The relation between an entity's bibliometric data in time and a definition of the type of bibliometric data held by this entity."@en ;
    rdfs:domain bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:range bido:BibliometricData ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf ns1:withValue ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

ns1:atTime a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "at time"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a situation and the particular temporal instant or time period in which the situation takes place."@en ;
    rdfs:domain ns1:ValueInTime ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/tvc/> ;
    rdfs:range time:TemporalEntity .

ns1:hasValue a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "has value"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between an entity and a value in time situation."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/tvc/> ;
    rdfs:range ns1:ValueInTime .

ns1:withinContext a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "within context"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between a value in time and the specific context within which the fact of the entity having the value is relevant."@en ;
    rdfs:domain ns1:ValueInTime ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/tvc/> .

xsd:float a rdfs:Datatype .

xsd:integer a rdfs:Datatype .

skos:Concept a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "concept"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "An idea or notion; a unit of thought."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy skos: .

prov:wasAttributedTo a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "was attributed to"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between an entity ascribed to an agent and that agent."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy prov: ;
    rdfs:range prov:Agent .

foaf:Person a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "person"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "A person."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy foaf: .

bido:BibliometricMeasure a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "bibliometric measure"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-numeric-bibliometric-data a bido:NumericBibliometricData ;
        bido:hasMeasure bido:journal-impact-factor .

    bido:journal-impact-factor a bido:BibliometricMeasure .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "Any kind of measure related with a bibliometric data (e.g., h-index, e-index, journal impact factor)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:NumericBibliometricData a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "numeric bibliometric data"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-numeric-bibliometric-data a bido:NumericBibliometricData ;
        bido:hasMeasure bido:journal-impact-factor ;
        bido:hasNumericValue "2.464"^^xsd:float .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "Bibliometric data represented by numbers. Such numeric data are those characterised by a certain integer or float value related to a particular bibliometric measure."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ;
            owl:onProperty bido:hasMeasure ],
        [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:cardinality "1"^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger ;
            owl:onProperty bido:hasNumericValue ],
        bido:BibliometricData ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

ns1:withValue a owl:ObjectProperty ;
    rdfs:label "with value"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "The relation between the value in time situation and the actual value held by the entity partaking in that situation."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/tvc/> ;
    rdfs:range ns1:ValueInTime .

time:TemporalEntity a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "temporal entity"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "A temporal interval or instant."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy time: .

prov:Agent a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "agent"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy prov: .

bido:BibliometricData a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "bibliometric data",
        "bibliometric data"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-bibliometric-data-in-time a bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
        bido:accordingTo :my-organization ;
        bido:withBibliometricData :my-bibliometric-data .

    :my-bibliometric-data a bido:BibliometricData .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "Any kind of bibliometric data. In particular, they are organised according two sub-concepts: numeric data and categorial data.",
        "Any kind of bibliometric data. In particular, they are organised according two sub-concepts: numeric data and categorial data."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:BibliometricDataInTime a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "bibliometric data in time",
        "bibliometric data in time"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-bibliometric-data-in-time a bido:BibliometricDataInTime ;
        tvc:atTime :my-time-interval ;
        bido:accordingTo :my-organization ;
        bido:withBibliometricData :my-bibliometric-data .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A particular situation that describes a bibliometric data a person, an article, or any other publication-related entity may have, that can be restricted to a particular time interval.",
        "A particular situation that describes a bibliometric data a person, an article, or any other publication-related entity may have, that can be restricted to a particular time interval."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/bido-core/> ;
    rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:allValuesFrom time:Interval ;
            owl:onProperty ns1:atTime ],
        [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:allValuesFrom bido:BibliometricMeasure ;
            owl:onProperty ns1:withValue ],
        ns1:ValueInTime ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:Slope a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "slope"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:low ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:logarithmic .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The slope of a curve, in terms of strength (low/moderate/high) and kind of growth (linear/polynomial/exponential/logarithmic)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:Curve a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "curve"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:increasing ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-deceleration .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The specific shape proper to the clusters identified by the algorithm, which is characterised by a trend (flat/increasing/decreasing) and, in the latter two cases, by an acceleration or deceleration point (none or premature, median, overdue acceleration/deceleration)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:ResearchCareerCategory a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "research career category"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:243-729 ;
        bido:concernsResearchPeriod bido:5-years-beginning .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:increasing ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-deceleration .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:low ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:logarithmic .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "Bibliometric data that includes categories describing the research career of people. Each of such categories is characterised by four specific dimensions: the research period considered, the curve of the choosed citation distribution, the slope of such curve, and the order of magnitude of the citation of such research period."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:allValuesFrom [ a owl:Restriction ;
                    owl:allValuesFrom foaf:Person ;
                    owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf bido:holdsBibliometricDataInTime ] ] ;
            owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf bido:withBibliometricData ] ],
        bido:CategorialBibliometricData ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:Strength a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "strength"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasStrength bido:low .

    bido:low a bido:Strength .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A kind of strength - i.e., low/moderate/high - that can characterise a slope."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:Trend a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "trend"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasTrend bido:increasing .

    bido:increasing a bido:Trend .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The flat/decreasing/increasing trend characterising the curve."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:Growth a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "growth"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasSlope :my-slope .

    :my-slope a bido:Slope ;
        bido:hasGrowth bido:logarithmic .

    bido:logarithmic a bido:Growth .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A kind of growth - i.e., linear/polynomial/exponential/logarithmic - that can characterise a slope."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

ns1:ValueInTime a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "value in time"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "A particular kind of time-indexed situation that represents a hub linking the entity having a particular value, the value itself and the temporal and contextual extents from which the entity-value relationship depends."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy <http://purl.org/spar/tvc/> .

time:Interval a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "interval"@en,
        "time interval"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "A temporal entity with an extent or duration."@en,
        "The interval of research years that it is taken into consideration (e.g., the first 5/10 years)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy time: ;
    rdfs:subClassOf time:TemporalEntity .

bido:AccelerationPoint a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "acceleration point"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasCurve :my-curve .

    :my-curve a bido:Curve ;
        bido:hasAccelerationPoint bido:premature-deceleration .

    bido:premature-deceleration a bido:AccelerationPoint .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "The acceleration or deceleration point (none or premature, median, overdue acceleration/deceleration) of the curve, if any."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    rdfs:subClassOf [ a owl:Restriction ;
            owl:allValuesFrom [ a owl:Class ;
                    owl:intersectionOf ( bido:Curve [ a owl:Restriction ;
                                owl:allValuesFrom [ a owl:Class ;
                                        owl:oneOf ( bido:increasing bido:decreasing ) ] ;
                                owl:onProperty bido:hasTrend ] ) ] ;
            owl:onProperty [ owl:inverseOf bido:hasAccelerationPoint ] ] ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

bido:OrderOfMagnitude a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "order of magnitude"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-research-career-activity a bido:ResearchCareerCategory ;
        bido:hasOrderOfMagnitude bido:243-729 .

    bido:243-729 a bido:OrderOfMagnitude .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A categorization of the number of citations received in the considered period according to a uniform model of common-sense estimation, which describes intervals of half-order of magnitude - i.e., “[0,1)”, “[1,3)”, “[3,9)”, “[9,27)”, “[27,81)”, “[81,243)”, “[243,729)”, etc."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .