CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology
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CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology

Release: 2017-10-30

Modified on: 2026-06-22
This version:
http://purl.org/spar/cito/2026-06-22
Latest version:
http://purl.org/spar/cito/
Previous version:
http://purl.org/spar/cito/2018-02-16
Revision:
2.8.2
Issued on:
2017-10-30
Authors:
David Shotton
Silvio Peroni
Contributors:
Paolo Ciccarese
Sebastian Barzaghi
Tim Clark
Publisher:
https://ror.org/00wb4mk85
Imported Ontologies:
situation.owl
cpannotationschema.owl
See also:
http://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/cito
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Cite as:
Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics, 17: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001. Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-fabio-cito-ontologies.pdf
DOI:
10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001
Compatible with:
http://purl.org/spar/cito/2018-02-16
Vocabulary maintained at:
https://github.com/SPAROntologies/cito
Published version

Abstract

The _Citation Typing Ontology_ (_CiTO_) is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web.

Introduction back to ToC

The _Citation Typing Ontology_ (_CiTO_) is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web. The citations characterized may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). CiTO contains the object property `cito:cites` and its sub-properties, and its inverse property `cito:isCitedBy`, from the original Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO v1.6). Upon the creation of version 2.0 of CiTO, a number of new sub-properties of `cito:cites` were added, and the inverse properties of all the sub-properties of `cito:cites` were created, all of which are sub-properties of `cito:isCitedBy`. The ontology has also been integrated with the _SWAN Discourse Relationships Ontology_ by making `cito:cites` a sub-property of `http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo`. Restrictions of domain and range present in the previous version of CiTO were removed from the object properties when creating CiTO v2.0, permitting its independent use in other contexts, in addition to conventional bibliographic citations. So that they can be used independently, other entities that were previously included in CiTO v1.6 have now been made components of other SPAR ontologies: _FaBiO_, the _FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology_; _C4O_, the _Citation Counting and Context Characterization Ontology_; and _PSO_, the _Publication Status Ontology_. The addition of two new properties (`cito:usesConclusionsFrom` and its inverse `cito:providesConclusionsFor`) led to a version number increment from v2.0 to v2.1. The addition of two additional properties, `cito:compiles` and `cito:isCompiledBy`, previously in the deprecated _CiTO4Data_ ontology, led to a version increment from v2.1 to v2.2. Subsequent expansions include: * in versions 2.3 and 2.4: the addition of the object properties `cito:citesAsPotentialSolution`, `cito:citesAsRecommendedReading`, `cito:repliesTo`, `cito:retracts`, `cito:speculatesOn`, and their inverse properties; * in version 2.5: the addition of `cito:CitationAct`, `cito:hasCitationEvent`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitingEntity`; * in version 2.6: renaming `cito:hasCitationEvent` to become `cito:hasCitationCharacterization`; improving definitions of `cito:CitationAct`, `cito:hasCitationCharacterization`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitingEntity`; revising the definition of `cito:isCompiledBy` to correct it and bring it into line with the DataCite Metadata Kernel v2.2 definition; changing the definition of `cito:sharesAuthorsWith` from 'An object property indicating that the citing entity has at least one author in common with the cited entity.' to 'An object property between two entities indicating that they have at least one author in common.' so that it can be used when one entity does not actually cite the other; adding the object properties `cito:hasRelatedEntity`, `cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith` and `cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith`; and adding the text 'An object property indicating that . . .' at the beginning of the textual definition (`rdfs:comment`) for each CiTO object property. * in version 2.6.1: removed text 'An object property indicating that . . .' added in v2.6 at the beginning of the textual definition (`rdfs:comment`) for each CiTO object property, so that each definition is just a direct statement of the relationship; removed the property `cito:hasRelatedEntity` (in favour of using `dcterms:relation`); renamed `cito:hasReply` to become `cito:hasReplyFrom`; improved the textual definitions of `cito:derides` and its inverse property; * in version 2.6.2: improved definitions of `cito:CitationAct`, `cito:hasCitationCharacterization`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitingEntity`; * in version 2.6.3: added examples for each citation type (i.e., all the subproperties of `cito:cites`); * in version 2.6.4: added alignment with `schema:citation`; * in version 2.7.0: added new property `cito:linksTo`, and corrected some property URL; * in version 2.7.1: corrected some typos in property comments; * in version 2.7.2: the name of the class `cito:CitationAct` has been changed to `cito:Citation`, and its definition has been modified. The property `cito:hasCitationTimeSpan` has been added; * in version 2.7.3: added the class `cito:SelfCitation`, i.e. citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common; * in version 2.8: renamed the class `cito:SelfCitation` in `cito:AuthorSelfCitation`. Created a new class `cito:SelfCitation` with a more general definition (citation in which the citing and the cited entities have something significant in common with one another), which now includes five subclasses: `cito:AuthorSelfCitation`, `cito:JournalSelfCitation`, `cito:FunderSelfCitation`, `cito:AffiliationSelfCitation`, `cito:AuthorNetworkSelfCitation`. The latter class is also accompanied by the new data property `cito:hasCoAuthorCitationLevel`, which specifies the minimal distance that one of the authors of a citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of a cited entity according to their co-author network. Added the object properties `cito:sharesPublicationVenueWith` and its subproperty `cito:sharesJournalWith`. Added the data property `cito:hasCitationCreationDate`, and changed the range of `cito:hasCitationTimeSpan` with `xsd:duration`. * in version 2.8.1: renamed the property `cito:hasCoAuthorCitationLevel` in `cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel`.

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
bibo<http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/>
cito<http://purl.org/spar/cito/cito:>
cpannotationschema<http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/schemas/cpannotationschema.owl#>
dc<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
discourse-relationships<http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/>
foaf<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
mod<https://w3id.org/mod#>
ns<http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#>
owl<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
rdf<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
rdfs<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
schema<http://schema.org/>
schema1<https://schema.org/>
sit<http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#>
skos<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
terms<http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
vann<http://purl.org/vocab/vann/>
vocab<https://w3id.org/widoco/vocab#>
xml<http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
xsd<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Description

The Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO) makes it possible for authors (or others) to mark citation links and to capture their citation intent (e.g., cito:extends, cito:usesMethodIn, cito:supports) when someone cites a particular publication. In particular, CiTO allows one to create metadata describing citations that are distinct from metadata describing the cited works themselves, and permits the motives of an author when referring to another document to be captured.

CiTO contains just two main object properties, cito:cites and its inverse cito:isCitedBy, each of which has forty-one sub-properties, plus four additional generic object properties – i.e. cito:shareAuthorWith, cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith, cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith and cito:likes – that may be used even outside a citation. As defined in Functions of Citations Ontology, all these properties (and, consequently, their inverses) may be classified as rhetorical and/or factual, with the rhetorical properties being grouped in three sets depending on their connotation: positive, informative (or neutral) or negative. Note that all the domain and range constraints from the object properties are not defined, so that this ontology could be easily integrated with other models, e.g., FaBiO.

CiTO makes available a mechanism that permits the citation itself to be reified, so that it can become the subject or object of other RDF statements. In particular, the reifying class is cito:Citation, and its accompanying object properties, i.e., cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitationCharacterization and cito:hasCitedEntity, can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties.

Examples of use

In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use CiTO.

The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows:

@prefix : <http://www.sparontologies.net/example/> .
@prefix c4o: <http://purl.org/spar/c4o/> .
@prefix cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito> .
@prefix cnt: <http://www.w3.org/2011/content#> .
@prefix oa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#> .
@prefix per: <http://data.semanticweb.org/person/> .

Defining citation links and their functions

CiTO allows one to link two papers – or, more generally, two generic resources – where one (i.e., the citing paper) cites another one (i.e., the cited paper) according to a particular citation function (e.g., cito:extends, cito:usesMethodIn, cito:supports).

CiTO makes available two different approaches for creating such links. In the direct approach, we can use any of the CiTO properties as predicate of statements for defining citations. In the reified approach, we can define the citation as a proper individual of the class cito:Citation, in order to use it as subject/object of other statements.

# Direct form for a citation
:paper-a cito:extends :paper-b .

# Reified form for a citation sharing the same
# citation function of the above one
:citation a cito:Citation ;
    cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ;
    cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
    cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .

Annotating a citation with an additional text-defined citation function

Despite the extensive list of CiTO properties, there could be situations in which the purpose of making a citation cannot be adequately expressed using these CiTO properties. It is now possible to use the Open Annotation Data Model to define the reason for, or the nature of, the citation.

In the Open Annotation Data Model Ontology, an annotation is described as a member of the class oa:Annotation, which has a body containing the annotation itself defined by oa:hasBody, and an annotation target (the thing to which the annotation relates) defined by oa:hasTarget.

In order to express a more precise justification of a citation, the target of the annotation should be an individual of the class cito:Citation, while the body, i.e. the textual content of the annotation itself, is described using the W3C Content Vocabulary as an individual of the class cnt:ContentAsText, which the property cnt:chars relates to the text string actually providing the annotation. In addition, an OA annotation can be further characterized by the motivation for making such annotation, defined by oa:motivatedBy. In this case, the appropriate motivation is oa:commenting, an instance of the class oa:Motivation.

The whole example has been extracted from the blog post 'Extending CiTO to enable use of the Open Annotation Data Model to describe citations'.

:annotation a oa:Annotation;
    oa:motivatedBy oa:commenting ;
    oa:hasBody :comment ;
    oa:hasTarget :citation .

:comment a cnt:ContentAsText ;
    cnt:chars \"I\'m citing that paper because it
        initiated this whole new field of research.\" .

:citation a cito:Citation;
    cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ;
    cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:cites ;
    cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .

Annotating an in-text reference pointer with a citation function

Several citations to the same article could exist in the same text, and such citations could express different functions depending on the author\'s view. Usually, in a scientific paper, each of these citations is actually described by means of an in-text reference pointers, i.e., a textual device (e.g., "[6]") denoting a single bibliographic reference (referring to the cited paper) that is embedded in the text of a document within the context of a particular sentence. One of the SPAR Ontologies, i.e., C4O, defines the entities for describing in-text reference pointers (individuals of the class c4o:InTextReferencePointer) and to link them to the related bibliographic references included in the paper.

The Open Annotation Data Model Ontology can be used to annotate each in-text reference pointer of a paper with the particular citation it conveys. In particular, we can create an annotation (i.e., an individual of the class oa:Annotation) with a body (object property oa:hasBody) containing a specific citation among the citing paper and the cited paper, and with the in-text reference pointer as target (object property oa:hasTarget) of the annotation. In addition, it is also possible to specify (through the object property oa:annotatedBy) the agent who created such annotation – who can be the author of the paper containing the in-text reference pointer, a reader or a software agent.

:annotation a oa:Annotation ;
    oa:hasBody :citation ;
    oa:hasTarget :in-text-ref-pointer ;
    oa:annotatedBy per:silvio-peroni .

:citation a cito:Citation;
    cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ;
    cito:hasCitationEvent cito:extends ;
    cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .

:in-text-ref-pointer a c4o:InTextReferencePointer ;
    c4o:hasContent '[6]' .

Competency Questions

CiTO can be used for answering several questions related to citations, their intent and their overall context.

In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries.

The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows:

PREFIX : <http://www.sparontologies.net/example/>
PREFIX c4o: <http://purl.org/spar/c4o/>
PREFIX cito: <http://purl.org/spar/cito>
PREFIX cnt: <http://www.w3.org/2011/content#>
PREFIX oa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>
PREFIX per: <http://data.semanticweb.org/person/>

CQ1

Which papers directly extend other papers?

SELECT ?citingPaper ?citedPaper
WHERE {
    ?citingPaper cito:extends ?citedPaper .
}

CQ2

What are the reified citations originated by a specific paper, and what are their citation functions?

SELECT ?citation ?citedPaper ?characterization
WHERE {
    ?citation a cito:Citation ;
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity ?citedPaper ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization ?characterization .
}

CQ3

What is the text of the motivational comment associated with a citation?

SELECT ?citation ?commentText
WHERE {
    ?annotation a oa:Annotation ;
                oa:motivatedBy oa:commenting ;
                oa:hasTarget ?citation ;
                oa:hasBody ?comment .

    ?comment a cnt:ContentAsText ;
            cnt:chars ?commentText .
}

CQ4

Which in-text reference pointers have been annotated by a specific agent?

SELECT ?pointer ?textValue
WHERE {
    ?annotation a oa:Annotation ;
                oa:annotatedBy per:silvio-peroni ;
                oa:hasTarget ?pointer .

    ?pointer a c4o:InTextReferencePointer ;
            c4o:hasContent ?textValue .
}

CQ5

Which citations are linked to an in-text reference pointer, and what are the papers involved?

SELECT ?pointer ?citation ?citingPaper ?citedPaper
WHERE {
    ?annotation a oa:Annotation ;
                oa:hasTarget ?pointer ;
                oa:hasBody ?citation .

    ?pointer a c4o:InTextReferencePointer .

    ?citation a cito:Citation ;
            cito:hasCitingEntity ?citingPaper ;
            cito:hasCitedEntity ?citedPaper .
}

Cross-reference for CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology.

Classes

affilation self citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/AffilationSelfCitation

A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource

    :thisCitation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .

    # can be alternatively described as follows

    :paperA cito:extends :paperB .
    :paperA cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB .
has super-classes
self citation c

author network self citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/AuthorNetworkSelfCitation

A citation in which at least one author of the citing entity has direct or indirect co-authorship links with one of the authors of the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :thisCitation a cito:AuthorNetworkSelfCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel '2'^^xsd:positiveInteger ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
has super-classes
self citation c
is in domain of
has co-authorship citation level dp

author self citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/AuthorSelfCitation

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The following cito:AuthorSelfCitation resource

    :thisCitation a cito:AuthorSelfCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .

    # can be alternatively described as follows

    :paperA cito:extends :paperB .
    :paperA cito:sharesAuthorWith :paperB .
has super-classes
self citation c

citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/Citation

A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (biro:BibliographicReference) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The following RDF statement

    :paperA cito:extends :paperB .

    # can be alternatively described as follows

    :thisCitation a cito:Citation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
is equivalent to
Situation c and (has citation characterization op exactly 1) and (has cited entity op exactly 1) and (has citing entity op exactly 1)
has sub-classes
distant citation c, journal cartel citation c, self citation c
is in domain of
has citation time span dp

distant citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/DistantCitation

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have nothing significant in common with one another (for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency) over and beyond their subject matter.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :thisCitation a cito:DistantCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
has super-classes
citation c

funder self citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/FunderSelfCitation

A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The following cito:FunderSelfCitation resource

    :thisCitation a cito:FunderSelfCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .

    # can be alternatively described as follows

    :paperA cito:extends :paperB .
    :paperA cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paperB .
has super-classes
self citation c

journal cartel citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/JournalCartelCitation

A citation from one journal to another journal which forms one of a very large number of citations from the citing journal to recent articles in the cited journal, possibly undertaken as part of a citation cartel for the purpose of gaming the impact factor of the cited journal.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :thisCitation a cito:JournalCartelCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
has super-classes
citation c

journal self citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/JournalSelfCitation

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource

    :thisCitation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .

    # can be alternatively described as follows

    :paperA cito:extends :paperB .
    :paperA cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB .
has super-classes
self citation c

self citationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/SelfCitation

A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have something significant in common with one another, over and beyond their subject matter, for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :thisCitation a cito:SelfCitation ; 
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
has super-classes
citation c
has sub-classes
affilation self citation c, author network self citation c, author self citation c, funder self citation c, journal self citation c

Object Properties

agrees withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/agreesWith

The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:agreesWith :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is agreed with by op

citationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/citation

A citation or reference to another creative work, such as another publication, web page, scholarly article, etc.
Is defined by
http://schema.org
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        schema:citation :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op

citesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/cites

The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:cites :paperB .
has super-properties
refers To op
has sub-properties
agrees with op, citation op, cites as authority op, cites as data source op, cites as evidence op, cites as metadata document op, cites as potential solution op, cites as recommended reading op, cites as related op, cites as source document op, cites for information op, compiles op, confirms op, contains assertion from op, corrects op, credits op, critiques op, derides op, describes op, disagrees with op, discusses op, disputes op, documents op, extends op, includes excerpt from op, includes quotation from op, links to op, obtains background from op, obtains support from op, parodies op, plagiarizes op, qualifies op, refutes op, replies to op, retracts op, reviews op, ridicules op, speculates on op, supports op, updates op, uses conclusions from op, uses data from op, uses method in op
is inverse of
is cited by op

cites as authorityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsAuthority

The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsAuthority :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as authority by op

cites as data sourceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource

The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsDataSource :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as data source by op

cites as evidenceop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence

The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsEvidence :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as evidence by op

cites as metadata documentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsMetadataDocument

The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Basic bibliographic entity and project metadata relating to this article recorded in a structured machine-readable form is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsEvidence :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as metadata document by op

cites as potential solutionop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsPotentialSolution

The citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsPotentialSolution :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as potential solution by op

cites as recommended readingop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRecommendedReading

The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # To our knowledge [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsRecommendedReading :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as recommended reading by op

cites as relatedop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRelated

The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsRelated :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as related by op

cites as source documentop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsSourceDocument

The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesAsSourceDocument :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited as source document by op

cites for informationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesForInformation

The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:citesForInformation :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is cited for information by op

compilesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/compiles

The citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X]. 

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:compiles :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is compiled by op

confirmsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/confirms

The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Our findings are similar to those published in [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:confirms :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is confirmed by op

contains assertion fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom

The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:containsAssertionFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
provides assertion for op

correctsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects

The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    ## The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:corrects :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is corrected by op

creditsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/credits

The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:credits :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is credited by op

critiquesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques

The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:critiques :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is critiqued by op

deridesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/derides

The citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:derides :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is derided by op

describesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/describes

The citing entity describes the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:describes :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is described by op

disagrees withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disagreesWith

The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:disagreesWith :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is disagreed with by op

discussesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses

The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:discusses :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is discussed by op

disputesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes

The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:disputes :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is disputed by op

documentsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/documents

The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X].

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:documents :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is documented by op

extendsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/extends

The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves.

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:extends :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is extended by op

gives background toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesBackgroundTo

The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:givesBackgroundTo :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
obtains background from op

gives support toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesSupportTo

The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:givesSupportTo :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
obtains support from op

has citation characterizationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCharacterization

A property that links a citation to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :my-citation a cito:Citation ;
        cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
has super-properties
is setting for op

has cited entityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitedEntity

A property that relates a citation to the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :my-citation a cito:Citation ;
        cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
has super-properties
is setting for op

has citing entityop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitingEntity

A property that relates a citation to the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :my-citation a cito:Citation ;
        cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA .
has super-properties
is setting for op

has reply fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasReplyFrom

The cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:hasReplyFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
replies to op

includes excerpt fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesExcerptFrom

The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:includesExcerptFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
provides excerpt for op

includes quotation fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesQuotationFrom

The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    # As Newton wrote in [X]: 'We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants'

    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:includesQuotationFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
provides quotation for op

is agreed with byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isAgreedWithBy

The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isAgreedWithBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
agrees with op

is cited as authority byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsAuthorityBy

The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsAuthorityBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as authority op

is cited as data source byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsDataSourceBy

The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsDataSourceBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as data source op

is cited as evidence byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsEvidenceBy

The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsEvidenceBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as evidence op

is cited as metadata document byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy

The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as metadata document op

is cited as potential solution byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsPontentialSolutionBy

The cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsPontentialSolutionBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as potential solution op

is cited as recommended reading byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy

The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as recommended reading op

is cited as related byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRelatedBy

The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsRelatedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as related op

is cited as source document byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy

The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites as source document op

is cited for information byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedForInformationBy

The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCitedForInformationBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
cites for information op

is compiled byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCompiledBy

The cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCompiledBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
compiles op

is confirmed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isConfirmedBy

The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isConfirmedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
confirms op

is corrected byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCorrectedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCorrectedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
corrects op

is credited byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCreditedBy

The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCreditedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
credits op

is critiqued byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCritiquedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isCritiquedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
critiques op

is derided byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDeridedBy

The cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isDeridedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
derides op

is described byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDescribedBy

The cited entity is described by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isDescribedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
describes op

is disagreed with byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisagreedWithBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isDisagreedWithBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
disagrees with op

is discussed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDiscussedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isDiscussedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
discusses op

is disputed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisputedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isDisputedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
disputes op

is documented byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDocumentedBy

Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isDocumentedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
documents op

is extended byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isExtendedBy

The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isExtendedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
extends op

is linked to byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isLinkedToBy

The cited entity is the target for an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL) link within the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isLinkedToBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
links to op

is parodied byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isParodiedBy

The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isParodiedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
parodies op

is plagiarized byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy

The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isPlagiarizedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
plagiarizes op

is qualified byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isQualifiedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isQualifiedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
qualifies op

is refuted byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRefutedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isRefutedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
refutes op

is retracted byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRetractedBy

The cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isRetractedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
retracts op

is reviewed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isReviewedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isReviewedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
reviews op

is ridiculed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRidiculedBy

The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isRidiculedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
ridicules op

is speculated on byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSpeculatedOnBy

The cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isSpeculatedOnBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
speculates on op

is supported byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSupportedBy

The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isSupportedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
supports op

is updated byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isUpdatedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:isUpdatedBy :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
updates op

likesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/likes

A property that permits you to express appreciation of or interest in something that is the object of the RDF triple, or to express that it is worth thinking about even if you do not agree with its content, enabling social media 'likes' statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is 'liked'.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:likes :paperB .

links toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/linksTo

The citing entity provides a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:linksTo :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is linked to by op

obtains background fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsBackgroundFrom

The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:obtainsBackgroundFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
gives background to op

obtains support fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsSupportFrom

The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:obtainsSupportFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
gives support to op

parodiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/parodies

The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:parodies :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is parodied by op

plagiarizesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes

A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:plagiarizes :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is plagiarized by op

provides assertion forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor

The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:providesAssertionFor :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
contains assertion from op

provides conclusions forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesConclusionsFor

The cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:providesConclusionsFor :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
uses conclusions from op

provides data forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesDataFor

The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:providesDataFor :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
uses data from op

provides excerpt forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesExcerptFor

The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:providesExcerptFor :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
includes excerpt from op

provides method forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesMethodFor

The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:providesMethodFor :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
uses method in op

provides quotation forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesQuotationFor

The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:providesQuotationFor :paperB .
has super-properties
is cited by op
is inverse of
includes quotation from op

qualifiesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies

The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:qualifies :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is qualified by op

refutesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/refutes

The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:refutes :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is refuted by op

replies toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/repliesTo

The citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:repliesTo :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
has reply from op

retractsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/retracts

The citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:retracts :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is retracted by op

reviewsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/reviews

The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:reviews :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is reviewed by op

ridiculesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/ridicules

The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:ridicules :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is ridiculed by op

shares author institution withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorInstitutionWith

Each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB .

shares author withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorWith

Each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:sharesAuthorWith :paperB .

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
top Object Property op

shares funding agency withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesFundingAgencyWith

The two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paperB .

shares journal withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesJournalWith

The citing and cited bibliographic resources are published in the same journal.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:sharesJournalWith :paperB .
has super-properties
shares publication venue with op

shares publication venue withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesPublicationVenueWith

The citing and cited bibliographic resources are published in same publication venue.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:sharesPublicationVenueWith :paperB .
has sub-properties
shares journal with op

speculates onop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/speculatesOn

The citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:speculatesOn :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is speculated on by op

supportsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/supports

The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:supports :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is supported by op

updatesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/updates

The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:updates :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
is updated by op

uses conclusions fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesConclusionsFrom

The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:usesConclusionsFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
provides conclusions for op

uses data fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesDataFrom

The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:usesDataFrom :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
provides data for op

uses method inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesMethodIn

The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:usesMethodIn :paperB .
has super-properties
cites op
is inverse of
provides method for op

Data Properties

has citation creation datedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCreationDate

The date on which the citation was created. This has the same numerical value as the publication date of the citing bibliographic resource, but is a property of the citation itself. When combined with the citation time span, it permits that citation to be located in history.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:hasCitationCreationDate '2025-06-16'^^xsd:date .

has citation time spandp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationTimeSpan

The temporal characteristic of a citation, namely the interval between the publication date of the cited entity and the publication date of the citing entity. Note that when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest year, and when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year and month', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest month, with the inherent inaccuracies that such rounding involves.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:hasCitationTimeSpan 'P1Y'^^xsd:duration .
has domain
citation c
has range
duration

has co-authorship citation leveldp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel

This property specifies the minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network.
Is defined by
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Term status
stable
Example 
    :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ;
        cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel '2'^^xsd:positiveInteger .

has characteristics: functional

has domain
author network self citation c
has range
positive Integer

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties

Changes from last version

Classes

Modified classes
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/AffilationSelfCitation
    • Added: " # The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . # can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution. "@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:AffiliationSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution. In particular, like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:AffiliationSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. For example, the following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB ."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/AuthorNetworkSelfCitation
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :thisCitation a cito:AuthorNetworkSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel '2'^^xsd:positiveInteger ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339)."@en
    • Deleted: "Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339)."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/AuthorSelfCitation
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common. "@en
    • Added: "Like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:AuthorSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesAuthorWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # The following cito:AuthorSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:AuthorSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . # can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesAuthorWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common. In particular, like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:AuthorSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesAuthorWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. For example, the following cito:AuthorSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:AuthorSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesAuthorWith :paperB ."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/Citation
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " The time span of a citation, i.e. the interval between the publication year of the citing entity and the publication year of the cited entity, can be recorded using the data property cito:hasCitationTimeSpan. The nature or type of a citation can be characterized by using CiTO object properties, e.g. http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource (definition: “The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of data”). This CiTO class cito:Citation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. This usage involved OWL2 punning, whereby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion. Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing. Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/. "@en
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (biro:BibliographicReference) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web. "@en
    • Added: " # The following RDF statement :paperA cito:extends :paperB . # can be alternatively described as follows :thisCitation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (biro:BibliographicReference) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web. The time span of a citation, i.e. the interval between the publication year of the citing entity and the publication year of the cited entity, can be recorded using the data property cito:hasCitationTimeSpan. The nature or type of a citation can be characterized by using CiTO object properties, e.g. http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource (definition: “The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of data”). This CiTO class cito:Citation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. For example, the following RDF statement :paperA cito:extends :paperB . can be alternatively described as follows :thisCitation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . This usage involved OWL2 punning, whereby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion. :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends . Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing. Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/DistantCitation
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339)."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :thisCitation a cito:DistantCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339)."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/FunderSelfCitation
    • Added: " # The following cito:FunderSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:FunderSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . # can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency. "@en
    • Added: "Like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:FunderSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency. In particular, like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:FunderSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. For example, the following cito:FundingSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:FundingSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paperB ."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/JournalCartelCitation
    • Added: " :thisCitation a cito:JournalCartelCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Derived from the blog post 'What do we know about journal citation cartels? A call for information' by Philippe Mongeon, Ludo Waltman and Sarah de Rijcke (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2w2b4)."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Derived from the blog post 'What do we know about journal citation cartels? A call for information' by Philippe Mongeon, Ludo Waltman and Sarah de Rijcke (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2w2b4)."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/JournalSelfCitation
    • Added: " # The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . # can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: " Like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:JournalSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesJournalWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. Derived from the blog post 'Journal self-citations are increasingly biased toward impact factor years' by Ludo Waltman and Caspar Chorus (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2x264). "@en
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal. "@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal. In particular, like the ancestor class cito:Citation, cito:JournalSelfCitation and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitedEntity and cito:hasCitationCharacterization can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using cito:sharesJournalWith for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. For example, the following cito:JournalSelfCitation resource :thisCitation a cito:JournalSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . can be alternatively described as follows :paperA cito:extends :paperB . :paperA cito:sharesJournalWith :paperB ."@en
    • Deleted: "Derived from the blog post 'Journal self-citations are increasingly biased toward impact factor years' by Ludo Waltman and Caspar Chorus (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2x264)."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/SelfCitation
    • Added: " :thisCitation a cito:SelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito

Object Properties

Modified object properties
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/agreesWith
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X]."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:agreesWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/cites
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:cites :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsAuthority
    • Added: "Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X]."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsAuthority :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource
    • Added: " # Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsDataSource :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X]."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsEvidence :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X]."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsMetadataDocument
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper."@en
    • Added: " # Basic bibliographic entity and project metadata relating to this article recorded in a structured machine-readable form is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsEvidence :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsPotentialSolution
    • Added: " # This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsPotentialSolution :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X]."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRecommendedReading
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " # To our knowledge [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsRecommendedReading :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:comment "The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading."@en
    • Added: "Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter. "@en
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRelated
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X]."@en
    • Added: " # An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsRelated :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsSourceDocument
    • Added: "Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X]."@en
    • Added: " # Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsSourceDocument :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesForInformation
    • Added: "Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X]."@en
    • Added: " # The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesForInformation :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/compiles
    • Added: "Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated."@en
    • Added: "Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X]."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:compiles :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/confirms
    • Added: "Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X]."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " # Our findings are similar to those published in [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:confirms :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom
    • Added: " # We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:containsAssertionFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:comment "The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based. "@en
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:corrects :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/credits
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:credits :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X]."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:critiques :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/derides
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:derides :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/describes
    • Added: "Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " # Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:describes :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/disagreesWith
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:disagreesWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves."@en
    • Added: " # We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:discusses :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes
    • Added: "Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:disputes :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/documents
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X]."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " # Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X]. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:documents :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/extends
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves."@en
    • Added: " # We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves. :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:extends :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesBackgroundTo
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:givesBackgroundTo :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesSupportTo
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:givesSupportTo :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCharacterization
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A property that links a citation to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends."@en
    • Added: "This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of an OWL assertion. In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class owl:Thing."@en
    • Added: " :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "A property that links a citation to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends. This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of an OWL assertion: :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends . In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class owl:Thing."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitedEntity
    • Added: " :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitingEntity
    • Added: " :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasReplyFrom
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasReplyFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesExcerptFrom
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:includesExcerptFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory."@en
    • Added: "Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X]."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X]."@en
    • Deleted: "An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesQuotationFrom
    • Added: "Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: 'We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants'."@en
    • Added: "A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented 'within quotation marks', for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: ' . . . we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender . . .'"@en
    • Added: " # As Newton wrote in [X]: 'We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants' :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:includesQuotationFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: \"We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants\"."@en
    • Deleted: "A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented \"within quotation marks\", for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: \" . . . we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender . . .\""@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isAgreedWithBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isAgreedWithBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsAuthorityBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsAuthorityBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsDataSourceBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsDataSourceBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsEvidenceBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsEvidenceBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsPontentialSolutionBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsPontentialSolutionBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy
    • Added: " This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter. "@en
    • Added: rdfs:comment "The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRelatedBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsRelatedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedForInformationBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedForInformationBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCompiledBy
    • Added: "Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated."@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCompiledBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isConfirmedBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isConfirmedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCorrectedBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCorrectedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCreditedBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCreditedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCritiquedBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCritiquedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDeridedBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDeridedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDescribedBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDescribedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisagreedWithBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDisagreedWithBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDiscussedBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDiscussedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisputedBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDisputedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDocumentedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDocumentedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isExtendedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isExtendedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isLinkedToBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isLinkedToBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isParodiedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isParodiedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isPlagiarizedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isQualifiedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isQualifiedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRefutedBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRefutedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRetractedBy
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRetractedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isReviewedBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isReviewedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRidiculedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRidiculedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSpeculatedOnBy
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isSpeculatedOnBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSupportedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isSupportedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/isUpdatedBy
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isUpdatedBy :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/likes
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:likes :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/linksTo
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:linksTo :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: The BioSharing registry (https://biosharing.org) can be of use as it describes the standards in detail, including versions where applicable."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: The BioSharing registry (https://biosharing.org) can be of use as it describes the standards in detail, including versions where applicable."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsBackgroundFrom
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:obtainsBackgroundFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsSupportFrom
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:obtainsSupportFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X]."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/parodies
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:parodies :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants."@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:plagiarizes :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesAssertionFor :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesConclusionsFor
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesConclusionsFor :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesDataFor
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesDataFor :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesExcerptFor
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesExcerptFor :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesMethodFor
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesMethodFor :paperB . "^^xsd:string
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesQuotationFor
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesQuotationFor :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:qualifies :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet."@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/refutes
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X]."@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:refutes :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X]."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/repliesTo
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:repliesTo :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/retracts
    • Added: "Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement."@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:retracts :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/reviews
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web."@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:reviews :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: "Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/ridicules
    • Added: "Example: Galileo said that the Earth \"moves\" [X]; really? And where is it going?"@en
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:ridicules :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: Galileo said that the Earth \"moves\" [X]; really? And where is it going?"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorInstitutionWith
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorWith
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesAuthorWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesFundingAgencyWith
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesJournalWith
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesJournalWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesPublicationVenueWith
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesPublicationVenueWith :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/speculatesOn
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:speculatesOn :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/supports
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:supports :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/updates
    • Added: "Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast."@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:updates :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Deleted: "Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesConclusionsFrom
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesConclusionsFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesDataFrom
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesDataFrom :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content."@en
    • Deleted: "Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content."@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesMethodIn
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing."@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesMethodIn :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Deleted: "Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing."@en
  • http://schema.org/citation
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; schema:citation :paperB . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://schema.org
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: "This property is defined in schema.org and has been added here to align schema.org with CiTO. The object property schema:citation expresses similar semantics to cito:cites except for the explicit definition of domain and range classes, that are schema:CreativeWork according to schema.org. For that reason, it is here defined as a subproperty of cito:cites."@en
    • Added: rdfs:comment "A citation or reference to another creative work, such as another publication, web page, scholarly article, etc."@en
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "This property is defined in schema.org and has been added here to align schema.org with CiTO. The object property schema:citation expresses similar semantics to cito:cites except for the explicit definition of domain and range classes, that are schema:CreativeWork according to schema.org. For that reason, it is here defined as a subproperty of cito:cites."@en

Data Properties

Modified data properties
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCreationDate
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCitationCreationDate '2025-06-16'^^xsd:date . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationTimeSpan
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCitationTimeSpan 'P1Y'^^xsd:duration . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Added: "stable"@en
  • http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel
    • Added: rdfs:comment "This property specifies the minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network. "@en
    • Added: " :paperA a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel '2'^^xsd:positiveInteger . "^^xsd:string
    • Added: "stable"@en
    • Added: " For instance, a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 1 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. Similarly, we say that a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 2 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with someone who him/herself has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. And so on. "@en
    • Added: rdfs:isDefinedBy http://purl.org/spar/cito
    • Deleted: rdfs:comment "This property specifies the minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network. For instance, a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 1 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. Similarly, we say that a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 2 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with someone who him/herself has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. And so on."@en

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.