The Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO)

http://purl.org/spar/cito
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Classes 10

affiliation self citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/AffiliationSelfCitation

comment
A citation in which at least one author from each of the citing and the cited entities is affiliated with the same academic institution.
en
is sub class of
label
affiliation self citation
en
example
# The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paper-b .
note
Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:AffiliationSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper.
en
term status

author network self citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/AuthorNetworkSelfCitation

comment
A citation in which at least one author of the citing entity has direct or indirect co-authorship links with one of the authors of the cited entity.
en
label
author network self citation
en
example
:my-citation a cito:AuthorNetworkSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel "2"^^xsd:positiveInteger ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .
note
Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339).
en
term status

author self citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/AuthorSelfCitation

comment
A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have at least one author in common.
en
is sub class of
label
author self citation
en
example
# The following cito:AuthorSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:AuthorSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesAuthorWith :paper-b .
note
Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:AuthorSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesAuthorWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper.
en
term status

citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/Citation

comment
A citation is a conceptual directional link from a citing entity to a cited entity, created by a human performative act of making a citation, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference (`biro:BibliographicReference`) in the reference list of the citing entity, or by the inclusion within the citing entity of a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to a resource on the World Wide Web.
en
example
# The following RDF statement :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .
note
The time span of a citation, i.e. the interval between the publication year of the citing entity and the publication year of the cited entity, can be recorded using the data property `cito:hasCitationTimeSpan`. The nature or type of a citation can be characterized by using CiTO object properties, e.g. http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource (definition: 'The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of data'). This CiTO class `cito:Citation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties. This usage involved [OWL2 punning](http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), whereby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned `cito:extends`, is used as the object of the OWL assertion. Using punning, the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class `owl:Thing`. Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the [Web Annotation Data Model](https://www.w3.org/TR/annotation-model/), as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/.
en
term status

distant citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/DistantCitation

comment
A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have nothing significant in common with one another (for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency) over and beyond their subject matter.
en
is sub class of
label
distant citation
en
example
:my-citation a cito:DistantCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .
note
Derived from the article 'A Small World of Citations? The Influence of Collaboration Networks on Citation Practices' by Matthew L. Wallace, Vincent Larivière and Yves Gingras, published in PLOS One (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033339).
en
term status

funder self citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/FunderSelfCitation

comment
A citation in which the works reported in the citing and the cited entities were funded by the same funding agency.
en
is sub class of
label
funder self citation
en
example
# The following cito:FunderSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:FunderSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paper-b .
note
Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:FunderSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper.
en
term status

journal cartel citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/JournalCartelCitation

comment
A citation from one journal to another journal which forms one of a very large number of citations from the citing journal to recent articles in the cited journal, possibly undertaken as part of a citation cartel for the purpose of gaming the impact factor of the cited journal.
en
is sub class of
label
journal cartel citation
en
example
:my-citation a cito:JournalCartelCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .
note
Derived from the blog post 'What do we know about journal citation cartels? A call for information' by Philippe Mongeon, Ludo Waltman and Sarah de Rijcke (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2w2b4).
en
term status

journal self citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/JournalSelfCitation

comment
A citation in which the citing and the cited entities are published in the same journal.
en
is sub class of
label
journal self citation
en
example
# The following cito:AffiliationSelfCitation resource :my-citation a cito:AffiliationSelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b . # can be alternatively described as follows :paper-a cito:extends :paper-b . :paper-a cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paper-b .
note
Like the ancestor class `cito:Citation`, `cito:JournalSelfCitation` and its accompanying object properties `cito:hasCitingEntity`, `cito:hasCitedEntity` and `cito:hasCitationCharacterization` can be employed to reify direct citation statements made using the CiTO citation object property `cito:cites` or one of its sub-properties, accompanied by an additional statement using `cito:sharesJournalWith` for linking the citing paper and the cited paper. Derived from the blog post "Journal self-citations are increasingly biased toward impact factor years" by Ludo Waltman and Caspar Chorus (https://www.cwts.nl/blog?article=n-q2x264).
en
term status

self citation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/SelfCitation

comment
A citation in which the citing and the cited entities have something significant in common with one another, over and beyond their subject matter, for example authors, journal, institutional affiliation, or funding agency.
en
example
:my-citation a cito:SelfCitation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .
term status

situation
c

back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#Situation

comment
A view on a set of entities. It can be seen as a 'relational context', reifying a relation.
en

Object Properties 100

Jump to:

agrees with citation cites cites as authority cites as data source cites as evidence cites as metadata document cites as potential solution cites as recommended reading cites as related cites as source document cites for information compiles confirms contains assertion from corrects credits critiques derides describes disagrees with discusses disputes documents extends gives background to gives support to has citation characterization has cited entity has citing entity has reply from includes excerpt from includes quotation from is agreed with by is citation characterization of is cited as authority by is cited as data source by is cited as evidence by is cited as metadata document by is cited as potential solution by is cited as recommended reading by is cited as related by is cited as source document by is cited by is cited entity of is cited for information by is citing entity of is compiled by is confirmed by is corrected by is credited by is critiqued by is derided by is described by is disagreed with by is discussed by is disputed by is documented by is extended by is linked to by is parodied by is plagiarized by is qualified by is refuted by is retracted by is reviewed by is ridiculed by is setting for is speculated on by is supported by is updated by likes links to obtains background from obtains support from parodies plagiarizes provides assertion for provides conclusions for provides data for provides excerpt for provides method for provides quotation for qualifies refutes replies to retracts reviews ridicules shares author institution with shares author with shares funding agency with shares journal with shares publication venue with speculates on supports updates uses conclusions from uses data from uses method in

agrees with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/agreesWith

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
agrees with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:agreesWith :paper-b .
note
Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X].
en
term status

citation
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/citation

comment
A citation or reference to another creative work, such as another publication, web page, scholarly article, etc.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is defined by
label
citation
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; schema:citation :paper-b .
note
This property is defined in [schema.org](https://schema.org/) and has been added here to align schema.org with CiTO. The object property `schema:citation` expresses similar semantics to `cito:cites` except for the explicit definition of domain and range classes, that are `schema:CreativeWork` according to schema.org. For that reason, it is here defined as a subproperty of `cito:cites`.
en
term status

cites
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/cites

comment
A relation according to which a citing entity cites a cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:cites :paper-b .
term status

cites as authority
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsAuthority

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as authority
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsAuthority :paper-b .
note
Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X].
en
term status

cites as data source
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as data source
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsDataSource :paper-b .
note
Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X].
en
term status

cites as evidence
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as evidence
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsEvidence :paper-b .
note
Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X].
en
term status

cites as metadata document
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsMetadataDocument

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as metadata document
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsMetadataDocument :paper-b .
note
Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper.
en
term status

cites as potential solution
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsPotentialSolution

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as potential solution
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsPotentialSolution :paper-b .
note
Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X].
en
term status

cites as recommended reading
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRecommendedReading

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as recommended reading
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsRecommendedReading :paper-b .
note
Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a "Suggested further reading" list at the end of a book chapter.
en
term status

cites as related
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRelated

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
cites as related
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsRelated :paper-b .
note
Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X].
en
term status

cites as source document
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsSourceDocument

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites as source document
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesAsSourceDocument :paper-b .
note
Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X].
en
term status

cites for information
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesForInformation

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
cites for information
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:citesForInformation :paper-b .
note
Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X].
en
term status

compiles
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/compiles

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
compiles
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:compiles :paper-b .
note
Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X]. Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.
en
term status

confirms
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/confirms

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
confirms
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:confirms :paper-b .
note
Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X].
en
term status

contains assertion from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
contains assertion from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:containsAssertionFrom :paper-b .
note
Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.
en
term status

corrects
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
corrects
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:corrects :paper-b .
note
Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42.
en
term status

credits
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/credits

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
credits
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:credits :paper-b .
note
Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X].
en
term status

critiques
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
critiques
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:critiques :paper-b .
note
Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated.
en
term status

derides
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/derides

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
derides
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:derides :paper-b .
note
Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid.
en
term status

describes
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/describes

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity describes the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
describes
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:describes :paper-b .
note
Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory.
en
term status

disagrees with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disagreesWith

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
disagrees with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:disagreesWith :paper-b .
note
Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move.
en
term status

discusses
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
discusses
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:discusses :paper-b .
note
Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
en
term status

disputes
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
disputes
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:disputes :paper-b .
note
Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
en
term status

documents
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/documents

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity documents information about the cited entity.
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
documents
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:documents :paper-b .
note
Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X].
en
term status

extends
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/extends

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
extends
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:extends :paper-b .
note
Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves.
en
term status

gives background to
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesBackgroundTo

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
gives background to
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:givesBackgroundTo :paper-b .
term status

gives support to
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesSupportTo

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
gives support to
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:givesSupportTo :paper-b .
term status

has citation characterization
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCharacterization

comment
A relation between a citation and its characterization, made by using a CiTO citation characterization property.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
has citation characterization
en
example
:my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends .
note
This usage involved [OWL2 punning](http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), whereby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned `cito:extends`, is used as the object of an OWL assertion. In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class `owl:Thing`.
en
term status

has cited entity
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitedEntity

comment
A relation between a citation and the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
has cited entity
en
example
:my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paper-b .
term status

has citing entity
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitingEntity

comment
A relation between a citation and the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
has citing entity
en
example
:my-citation a cito:Citation ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paper-a .
term status

has reply from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasReplyFrom

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
has reply from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasReplyFrom :paper-b .
term status

includes excerpt from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesExcerptFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
includes excerpt from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:includesExcerptFrom :paper-b .
note
An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory. Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X]
en
term status

includes quotation from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesQuotationFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
includes quotation from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:includesQuotationFrom :paper-b .
note
A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented 'within quotation marks', for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: ' ... we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender ...'
en
Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: 'We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants'.
en
term status

is agreed with by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isAgreedWithBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is agreed with by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isAgreedWithBy :paper-b .
term status

is citation characterization of
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitationCharacterizationOf

comment
A relation between the characterization of a citation, made by using a CiTO citation characterization property, and that citation.
en
domain
range
label
is citation characterization of
en
example
cito:extends cito:isCitationCharacterizationOf :my-citation . :my-citation a cito:Citation .
term status

is cited as authority by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsAuthorityBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is cited as authority by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsAuthorityBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited as data source by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsDataSourceBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is cited as data source by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsDataSourceBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited as evidence by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsEvidenceBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is cited as evidence by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsEvidenceBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited as metadata document by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
is cited as metadata document by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited as potential solution by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsPotentialSolutionBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
is cited as potential solution by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsPotentialSolutionBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited as recommended reading by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
is cited as recommended reading by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsRecommendedReadingBy :paper-b .
note
This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
en
term status

is cited as related by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRelatedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is cited as related by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsRelatedBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited as source document by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
is cited as source document by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited by the citing entity.
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedBy :paper-b .
term status

is cited entity of
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedEntityOf

comment
A relation between a cited entity and a citation.
en
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is cited entity of
en
example
:paper-b cito:isCitedEntityOf :my-citation . :my-citation a cito:Citation .
term status

is cited for information by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedForInformationBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is cited for information by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCitedForInformationBy :paper-b .
term status

is citing entity of
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitingEntityOf

comment
A relation between a citing entity and a citation.
en
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is citing entity of
en
example
:paper-a cito:isCitingEntityOf :my-citation . :my-citation a cito:Citation .
term status

is compiled by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCompiledBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is compiled by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCompiledBy :paper-b .
note
Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.
en
term status

is confirmed by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isConfirmedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is confirmed by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isConfirmedBy :paper-b .
term status

is corrected by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCorrectedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is corrected by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCorrectedBy :paper-b .
term status

is credited by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCreditedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is credited by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCreditedBy :paper-b .
term status

is critiqued by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCritiquedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is critiqued by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isCritiquedBy :paper-b .
term status

is derided by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDeridedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is derided by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDeridedBy :paper-b .
term status

is described by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDescribedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is described by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is described by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDescribedBy :paper-b .
term status

is disagreed with by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisagreedWithBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is disagreed with by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDisagreedWithBy :paper-b .
term status

is discussed by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDiscussedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is discussed by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDiscussedBy :paper-b .
term status

is disputed by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisputedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is disputed by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDisputedBy :paper-b .
term status

is documented by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDocumentedBy

comment
Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is documented by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isDocumentedBy :paper-b .
term status

is extended by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isExtendedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is extended by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isExtendedBy :paper-b .
term status

is linked to by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isLinkedToBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is the target for an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL) link within the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is linked to by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isLinkedToBy :paper-b .
term status

is parodied by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isParodiedBy

comment
The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is parodied by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isParodiedBy :paper-b .
term status

is plagiarized by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is plagiarized by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isPlagiarizedBy :paper-b .
term status

is qualified by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isQualifiedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is qualified by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isQualifiedBy :paper-b .
term status

is refuted by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRefutedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is refuted by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRefutedBy :paper-b .
term status

is retracted by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRetractedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is retracted by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRetractedBy :paper-b .
term status

is reviewed by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isReviewedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is reviewed by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isReviewedBy :paper-b .
term status

is ridiculed by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRidiculedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is ridiculed by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isRidiculedBy :paper-b .
term status

is setting for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#isSettingFor

comment
The relation between a situation and something that situation is a setting for.
en

is speculated on by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSpeculatedOnBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is speculated on by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isSpeculatedOnBy :paper-b .
term status

is supported by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSupportedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is supported by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isSupportedBy :paper-b .
term status

is updated by
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isUpdatedBy

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
is updated by
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:isUpdatedBy :paper-b .
term status

likes
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/likes

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity shows appreciation of or interest in the cited entity.
en
domain
range
label
likes
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:likes :paper-b .
note
This property enables social media "likes" statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is "liked".
en
term status

links to
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/linksTo

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity provides a link, in the form of an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL), to the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
links to
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:linksTo :paper-b .
note
Example: The BioSharing registry (https://biosharing.org) can be of use as it describes the standards in detail, including versions where applicable.
en
term status

obtains background from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsBackgroundFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
obtains background from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:obtainsBackgroundFrom :paper-b .
note
Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs.
en
term status

obtains support from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsSupportFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
obtains support from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:obtainsSupportFrom :paper-b .
note
Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X].
en
term status

parodies
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/parodies

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
parodies
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:parodies :paper-b .
note
Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!
en
term status

plagiarizes
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes

comment
A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
plagiarizes
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:plagiarizes :paper-b .
note
Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants.
en
term status

provides assertion for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
provides assertion for
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesAssertionFor :paper-b .
term status

provides conclusions for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesConclusionsFor

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
provides conclusions for
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesConclusionsFor :paper-b .
term status

provides data for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesDataFor

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
provides data for
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesDataFor :paper-b .
term status

provides excerpt for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesExcerptFor

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
provides excerpt for
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesExcerptFor :paper-b .
term status

provides method for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesMethodFor

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
provides method for
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesMethodFor :paper-b .
term status

provides quotation for
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesQuotationFor

comment
A relation according to which the cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
provides quotation for
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:providesQuotationFor :paper-b .
term status

qualifies
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
qualifies
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:qualifies :paper-b .
note
Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet.
en
term status

refutes
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/refutes

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
refutes
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:refutes :paper-b .
note
Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X].
en
term status

replies to
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/repliesTo

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
replies to
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:repliesTo :paper-b .
note
Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative.
en
term status

retracts
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/retracts

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
retracts
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:retracts :paper-b .
note
Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement.
en
term status

reviews
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/reviews

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
reviews
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:reviews :paper-b .
note
Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web.
en
term status

ridicules
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/ridicules

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
ridicules
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:ridicules :paper-b .
note
Example: Galileo said that the Earth 'moves' [X]; really? And where is it going?
en
term status

shares author institution with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorInstitutionWith

comment
A relation according to which each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity.
en
has Characteristics
domain
range
label
shares author institution with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesAuthorInstitutionWith :paper-b .
term status

shares author with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorWith

comment
A relation according to which each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity.
en
has Characteristics
is sub property of
domain
range
label
shares author with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesAuthorWith :paper-b .
term status

shares funding agency with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesFundingAgencyWith

comment
A relation according to which two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency.
en
has Characteristics
domain
range
label
shares funding agency with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesFundingAgencyWith :paper-b .
term status

shares journal with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesJournalWith

comment
A relation according to which the citing and cited bibliographic resources are published in the same journal.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
shares journal with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesJournalWith :paper-b .
term status

shares publication venue with
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesPublicationVenueWith

comment
A relation according to which the citing and cited bibliographic resources are published in same publication venue.
en
domain
range
is super property of
label
shares publication venue with
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:sharesPublicationVenueWith :paper-b .
term status

speculates on
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/speculatesOn

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
speculates on
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:speculatesOn :paper-b .
note
Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth.
en
term status

supports
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/supports

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
supports
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:supports :paper-b .
note
Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves.
en
term status

updates
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/updates

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
updates
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:updates :paper-b .
note
Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast.
en
term status

uses conclusions from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesConclusionsFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
label
uses conclusions from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesConclusionsFrom :paper-b .
note
Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move.
en
term status

uses data from
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesDataFrom

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
uses data from
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesDataFrom :paper-b .
note
Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content.
en
term status

uses method in
op

back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesMethodIn

comment
A relation according to which the citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.
en
is sub property of
domain
range
is inverse of
label
uses method in
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:usesMethodIn :paper-b .
note
Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing.
en
term status

Data Properties 3

has citation creation date
dp

back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCreationDate

comment
The date on which the citation was created. This has the same numerical value as the publication date of the citing bibliographic resource, but is a property of the citation itself. When combined with the citation time span, it permits that citation to be located in history.
en
domain
range
label
has citation creation date
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCitationCreationDate '2025-06-16'^^xsd:date .
term status

has citation time span
dp

back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationTimeSpan

comment
The temporal characteristic of a citation, namely the interval between the publication date of the cited entity and the publication date of the citing entity. Note that when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest year, and when one or both of the publication dates is given as just 'year and month', then the citation time span is rounded to the nearest month, with the inherent inaccuracies that such rounding involves.
en
domain
label
has citation time span
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCitationTimeSpan 'P1Y'^^xsd:duration .
term status

has co-authorship citation level
dp

back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel

comment
The minimal distance that one of the authors of the citing entity has with regards to one of the authors of the cited entity, according to their co-authorship network.
en
has Characteristics
label
has co-authorship citation level
en
example
:paper-a a fabio:JournalArticle ; cito:hasCoAuthorshipCitationLevel '2'^^xsd:positiveInteger .
note
For instance, a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 1 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. Similarly, we say that a citation has a co-authorship citation level equal to 2 if at least one author of the citing entity has previously published as co-author with someone who him/herself has previously published as co-author with one of the authors of the cited entity. And so on.
en
term status

Annotation Properties 35

abstract
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract

backward compatible with
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#backwardCompatibleWith

bibliographic citation
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation

changes
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/changes

code repository
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/codeRepository

comment
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment

contributor
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor

created
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/created

creator
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

date
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date

description
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description

description
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/description

doi
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/doi

example
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example

image
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/image

included in data catalog
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/includedInDataCatalog

is defined by
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy

issued
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued

keywords
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/keywords

label
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label

language
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/language

license
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/license

logo
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/logo

modified
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified

note
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note

preferred namespace prefix
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix

preferred namespace uri
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri

prior version
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#priorVersion

publisher
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher

rights
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/rights

see also
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso

source
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/source

term status
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status

title
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title

version info
ap

back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionInfo

Namespace Declarations back to ToC

bibo
http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/
brick
https://brickschema.org/schema/Brick#
cito
http://purl.org/spar/cito/
csvw
http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw#
dc
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
dcam
http://purl.org/dc/dcam/
dcat
http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#
dcmitype
http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/
dcterms
http://purl.org/dc/terms/
doap
http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#
foaf
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
geo
http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
odrl
http://www.w3.org/ns/odrl/2/
org
http://www.w3.org/ns/org#
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
prof
http://www.w3.org/ns/dx/prof/
prov
http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#
qb
http://purl.org/linked-data/cube#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
reg
http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#
schema
https://schema.org/
schema1
http://schema.org/
sh
http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#
sit
http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#
skos
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#
sosa
http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/
ssn
http://www.w3.org/ns/ssn/
time
http://www.w3.org/2006/time#
vann
http://purl.org/vocab/vann/
void
http://rdfs.org/ns/void#
vs
http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#
wgs
https://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#
xml
http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#