| co | <http://purl.org/co/> |
| datacite | <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/> |
| dc | <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> |
| fabio | <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> |
| literalreification | <http://www.essepuntato.it/2010/06/literalreification/> |
| owl | <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> |
| rdf | <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> |
| rdfs | <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> |
| schema | <https://schema.org/> |
| situation | <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#> |
| skos | <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> |
| terms | <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> |
| vann | <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> |
| xml | <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> |
| xsd | <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> |
The DataCite Ontology (or simply DataCite) is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable the metadata properties of the DataCite Metadata Schema (version 4.7) to be described in RDF.

The main intent of the DataCite Ontology is to provide a flexible mechanism to define identifiers for bibliographic resources (e.g., papers and datasets) and related entities (e.g., authors). To this end, DataCite uses the object property datacite:hasIdentifier, which has as its object a member of the class datacite:Identifier or of one of its sub-classes (datacite:ResourceIdentifier, datacite:AgentIdentifier or datacite:RightsIdentifier).
In turn, datacite:AgentIdentifier is further sub-classed by three additional classes, i.e., datacite:PersonalIdentifier, datacite:OrganizationIdentifier, and datacite:FunderIdentifier.
The exact nature of the identifier is then defined using the second DataCite object property datacite:usesIdentifierScheme, which has as its object the class datacite:IdentifierScheme or one of its sub-classes: datacite:ResourceIdentifierScheme, datacite:AgentIdentifierScheme or datacite:RightsIdentifierScheme. datacite:AgentIdentifierScheme is further sub-classed by three additional classes, i.e., datacite:PersonalIdentifierScheme, datacite:OrganizationIdentifierScheme, and datacite:FunderIdentifierScheme.
This provides a robust method for defining identifiers, since each specific identifier is defined as an individual member of its appropriate identifier scheme class. Of course, existing identifier schemes have been already defined within the ontology. For instance:
datacite:doi is an individual member of the class datacite:ResourceIdentifierScheme specifying a DataCite Digital Object Identifier (DOI);datacite:orcid is an individual member of the class datacite:PersonalIdentifierScheme specifying an Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID);datacite:fundref is an individual member of the class datacite:FunderIdentifierScheme specifying a FundRef Funder Identifier.As need arises, new identifiers can be added later as new members of each class, without having to modify the structure of the DataCite Ontology. In addition, some members, i.e., datacite:local-resource-identifier-scheme, datacite:local-personal-identifier-scheme, datacite:local-organization-identifier-scheme and datacite:local-funder-identifier-scheme, have been already added to permit the use of local identifiers.
The class datacite:DescriptionType, and the object properties datacite:hasDescription and datacite:hasDescriptionType, have also been defined in order to link an entity to another item representing an entity description of a particular type.
This is defined using the property datacite:hasDescriptionType, which must have as its object one of the members of the class datacite:DescriptionType, i.e., datacite:abstract, datacite:methods, datacite:other, datacite:series-information and datacite:table-of-content.
In this way, it is possible to associate written documents (e.g. journal articles or data articles) as descriptions of datasets.
It is also possible to provide a link between a resource, such as a dataset, and the document describing its metadata by means of the Citation Typing Ontology (CiTO), using the property cito:citesAsMetadataDocument, and the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology (FaBiO), by means of the class fabio:MetadataDocument.
In addition to these entities, the DataCite Ontology provides appropriate classes (i.e., datacite:MetadataScheme) and properties (i.e., datacite:hasMetadataScheme) to specify the particular scheme followed for creating the resource metadata exemplified in the metadata document.
Finally, with the DataCite Ontology, it is possible to represent situations where a given relation between two entities needs to be qualified in some way, e.g. with a description that specifies the nature of said relation.
This is provided by the class datacite:QualifiedRelation, which represents a certain relationship existing between two entities.
The qualified relation is linked with one entity (more specifically, the subject of the relation) via the object property datacite:hasRelationSubject, and with the other (the object of the relation) via the object property datacite:hasRelationObject.
The type of relation itself is defined via the property datacite:hasRelationCharacterization, which links a qualified relation to its characterization made by using an object property such as dcterms:relation, cito:cites, or frbr:isPartOf.
This usage involves OWL2 punning, a mechanism according to which an object property can be used as the object of an OWL assertion by being considered simultaneously both as a normal property and also as a named individual of the class owl:Thing.
In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use the DataCite Ontology.
The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows:
@prefix : <http://www.sparontologies.net/example/> .
@prefix co: <http://purl.org/co/> .
@prefix datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix literal: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2010/06/literalreification/> .
@prefix orcid: <http://orcid.org/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
DataCite allows one to associate identifiers to a bibliographic entity (e.g., a dataset, a person, an article) specifying their exact nature by means of the object property datacite:usesIdentifierScheme.
In addition, it is also possible, through the object property datacite:hasDescription, to link an entity to another item representing an entity description of a particular type.
This is defined using the property datacite:hasDescriptionType, which must have as its object one of the members of the class datacite:DescriptionType, i.e., datacite:abstract, datacite:other, datacite:series-information, datacite:methods, and datacite:table-of-content.
In this way, it is possible to associate written documents (e.g., journal articles) as descriptions of datasets.
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.15v26> a fabio:Dataset ;
datacite:hasIdentifier :dataset-doi ;
dcterms:creator
orcid:0000-0002-5159-9717 ,
orcid:0000-0002-7811-3617 ;
datacite:hasDescription
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0486> .
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0486>
a fabio:JournalArticle ;
datacite:hasIdentifier :paper-doi ;
dcterms:creator
orcid:0000-0002-5159-9717 ,
orcid:0000-0002-7811-3617 ;
datacite:hasDescriptionType datacite:other .
:paper-doi a datacite:PrimaryResourceIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue \"10.1098/rsbl.2015.0486\" ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:doi .
:dataset-doi a datacite:PrimaryResourceIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue \"10.5061/dryad.mq8r2\" ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:doi .
orcid:0000-0002-5159-9717 a foaf:Person ;
foaf:name \"Nidhi Seethapathi\" ;
datacite:hasIdentifier :seethapathi-orcid .
:seethapathi-orcid a datacite:PersonalIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue \"0000-0002-5159-9717\" ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:orcid .
orcid:0000-0002-7811-3617 a foaf:Person ;
foaf:name \"Manoj Srinivasan\" ;
datacite:hasIdentifier :srinivasan-orcid .
:srinivasan-orcid a datacite:PersonalIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue \"0000-0002-7811-3617\" ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:orcid .
The DataCite Ontology can be used for answering several questions related to related to the identification, attribution, and discoverability of research products within a scholarly knowledge graph. In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries.
The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows:
PREFIX datacite: <http://purl.org/spar/datacite/>
PREFIX dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
PREFIX fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX literal: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2010/06/literalreification/>
Which article provides the description for a specific dataset identified by the DOI \"10.5061/dryad.mq8r2\"?
SELECT ?article ?article_doi
WHERE {
?dataset_id literal:hasLiteralValue \"10.5061/dryad.mq8r2\" .
?dataset datacite:hasIdentifier ?dataset_id ;
a fabio:Dataset ;
datacite:hasDescription ?article .
?article datacite:hasIdentifier ?paper_id .
?paper_id literal:hasLiteralValue ?article_doi .
}
Who are the creators associated with both the dataset and the article?
SELECT DISTINCT ?name ?orcid_uri
WHERE {
?dataset a fabio:Dataset ;
dcterms:creator ?orcid_uri .
?article a fabio:JournalArticle ;
dcterms:creator ?orcid_uri .
?orcid_uri foaf:name ?name .
}
What are the names and ORCID iDs of all researchers mentioned in the graph?
SELECT ?name ?orcid_value
WHERE {
?person a foaf:Person ;
foaf:name ?name ;
datacite:hasIdentifier ?id_node .
?id_node datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:orcid ;
literal:hasLiteralValue ?orcid_value .
}
List all resources that have a description type categorized as \"other\".
SELECT ?resource
WHERE {
?resource datacite:hasDescriptionType datacite:other .
}
How many identifiers are registered for each identifier scheme?
SELECT ?scheme (COUNT(?id_node) AS ?count)
WHERE {
?id_node datacite:usesIdentifierScheme ?scheme .
}
GROUP BY ?scheme
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/AgentIdentifier
:essepuntato a datacite:AgentIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "https://github.com/essepuntato" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/AgentIdentifierScheme
:silvio-peroni-id
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:github ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "essepuntato" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/AlternateResourceIdentifier
:my-resource
datacite:hasIdentifier :my-resource-alt .
:my-resource-alt a datacite:AlternateResourceIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "19381256" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/DescriptionType
:my-resource-additional-info
datacite:hasDescriptionType datacite:abstract .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/FunderIdentifier
:my-funder-id a datacite:FunderIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/FunderIdentifierScheme
:my-funder-id
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:fundref .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/Identifier
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/IdentifierScheme
:my-object-id ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:wikidata ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "Q113333457" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/MetadataScheme
:my-resource
cito:citesAsMetadataDocument :my-resource-metadata .
:my-resource-metadata a fabio:MetadataDocument ;
datacite:usesMetadataScheme datacite:spar .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/OrganizationIdentifier
:my-organization-id a datacite:OrganizationIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "00wb4mk85" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/OrganizationIdentifierScheme
:my-organization-id a datacite:OrganizationIdentifier ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:ror .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/PersonalIdentifier
:david-shotton
datacite:hasIdentifier :david-shotton-id .
:david-shotton-id a datacite:PersonalIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "0000-0001-5506-523X" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/PersonalIdentifierScheme
:david-shotton-id
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:orcid .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/PrimaryResourceIdentifier
:my-resource-id a datacite:PrimaryResourceIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "10.1371/journal.pntd.0000228.g002.x001" ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:doi .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/QualifiedRelation
:relation-dataset-article a datacite:QualifiedRelation ;
datacite:hasRelationSubject :my-resource ;
datacite:hasRelationObject :my-article ;
datacite:hasRelationCharacterization cito:isCitedBy .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ResourceIdentifier
:my-resource-id a datacite:ResourceIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "10.3457/1098.a45" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ResourceIdentifierScheme
:my-resource-pri
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:doi .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/RightsIdentifier
:my-resource-rights
datacite:hasIdentifier :my-resource-rights-id .
:my-resource-rights-id a datacite:RightsIdentifier ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "CC-BY-1.0" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/RightsIdentifierScheme
:my-resource-rights-id a datacite:RightsIdentifier ;
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:spdx ;
literal:hasLiteralValue "CC-BY-1.0" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasCreatorList
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasDescription
:my-resource
datacite:hasDescription :my-resource-additional-info .
:my-resource-additional-info
literal:hasLiteralValue "A textual description" .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasDescriptionType
:my-resource-additional-info
datacite:hasDescriptionType datacite:abstract .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasGeneralResourceType
:my-resource
datacite:hasGeneralResourceType dcmitype:Dataset .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasIdentifier
:my-resource
datacite:hasIdentifier :my-resource-pri .
has characteristics: inverse functional
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasRelationCharacterization
:relation-dataset-article a datacite:QualifiedRelation ;
datacite:hasRelationCharacterization cito:isCitedBy .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasRelationObject
:relation-dataset-article a datacite:QualifiedRelation ;
datacite:hasRelationObject :my-article .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/hasRelationSubject
:relation-dataset-article a datacite:QualifiedRelation ;
datacite:hasRelationSubject :my-resource .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/usesIdentifierScheme
:my-resource-id
datacite:usesIdentifierScheme datacite:doi .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/usesMetadataScheme
:related-document a fabio:MetadataDocument ;
datacite:usesMetadataScheme datacite:spar .
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/abstract
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/acm
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ark
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/arxiv
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/bibcode
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/crossref
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/cstr
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/dblp
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/dblp-record
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/dia
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/dnb
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/doi
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ean13
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/eissn
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/fundref
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/gepris
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/github
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/gitlab
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/gnd
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/google-scholar
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/handle
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ieee
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/igsn
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/infouri
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/isbn
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/isni
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/issn
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/istc
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ivoid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/jst
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/lattes
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/linkedin
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/lissn
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/loc
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/local-funder-identifier-scheme
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/local-organization-identifier-scheme
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/local-personal-identifier-scheme
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/local-resource-identifier-scheme
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/lsid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/math-genealogy
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/methods
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/national-insurance-number
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/nihmsid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/nii
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/oci
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/oclc
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/omid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/openalex
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/opendoar
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/openid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/orcid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/other
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/pii
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/pmcid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/pmid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/purl
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/repec
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/research-gate
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/researcherid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/ror
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/rrid
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/scigraph
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/series-information
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/sici
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/social-security-number
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/spar
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/spase
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/spdx
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/table-of-content
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/twitter
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/upc
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/uri
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/url
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/urn
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/viaf
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/w3id
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/wikidata
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/wikipedia
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/datacite/zbmath
The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.