FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/2026-05-18
imports: frbr
contributor: Paolo Ciccarese
contributor: Sebastian Barzaghi
contributor: Tim Clark
creator: David Shotton
creator: Silvio Peroni
date: 2023-05-09
bibliographic citation: Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics, 17: 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001. Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-fabio-cito-ontologies.pdf
description: ## Description The _FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology_ (_FaBiO_) is an ontology for recording and publishing on the Semantic Web descriptions of entities that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define such bibliographic references. FaBiO entities are primarily textual publications such as books, magazines, newspapers and journals, and items of their content such as poems, conference papers and editorials. However, they also include blogs, web pages, datasets, computer algorithms, experimental protocols, formal specifications and vocabularies, legal records, governmental papers, technical and commercial reports and similar publications, and also anthologies, catalogues and similar collections. FaBiO already imports several entities from existing standards for bibliographic entity descriptions, i.e., FRBR, DC Terms, PRISM and SKOS. In addition, FaBiO has been developed so to limit any restriction to its classes as well as the domains and ranges of its properties. This flexibility has the great advantage of allowing FaBiO to be used together with other models. In particular, FaBiO classes are structured according to the FRBR schema of Works, Expressions, Manifestations and Items. The following Graffoo diagram shows additional properties that have been added to extends the FRBR data model by linking Works and Manifestations (`fabio:hasManifestation` and `fabio:isManifestationOf`), Works and Items (`fabio:hasPortrayal` and `fabio:isPortrayedBy`), and Expressions and Items (`fabio:hasRepresentation` and `fabio:isRepresentedBy`). ![A diagram of FaBiO.](fabio.png) With FaBiO, it thus becomes possible: * to write semantic descriptions of a wide variety of bibliographic objects, including conference papers (`fabio:ConferencePaper`), journal articles (`fabio:JournalArticle`), journal issues and volumes (`fabio:JournalIssue` and `fabio:JournalVolume`), using terms that closely resemble…
doi: 10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001
preferred namespace prefix: fabio
preferred namespace uri: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/
prior version: http://purl.org/spar/fabio/2023-05-09
version info: 2.3
code repository: fabio
status: Published version
introduction: The _FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology_ (_FaBiO_) is an ontology for recording and publishing on the Semantic Web descriptions of entities that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define such bibliographic references. FaBiO entities are primarily textual publications such as books, magazines, newspapers and journals, and items of their content such as poems, conference papers and editorials. However, they also include blogs, web pages, datasets, computer algorithms, experimental protocols, formal specifications and vocabularies, legal records, governmental papers, technical and commercial reports and similar publications, and also anthologies, catalogues and similar collections. FaBiO classes are structured according to the **FRBR schema** of **Works**, **Expressions**, **Manifestations** and **Items**. Additional properties have been added to extends the FRBR data model by linking Works and Manifestations (`fabio:hasManifestation` and `fabio:isManifestationOf`), Works and Items (`fabio:hasPortrayal` and `fabio:isPortrayedBy`), and Expressions and Items (`fabio:hasRepresentation` and `fabio:isRepresentedBy`).
type: NamedIndividual
has license: legalcode
abstract: The FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology (FaBiO) is an ontology for recording and publishing on the Semantic Web descriptions of entities that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define such bibliographic references.
has creation date: 2017-05-29
issued: 2017-05-29
has modification date: 2026-05-18

has creator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
example: :my-report a fabio:Report ; dcterms:creator :john-doe .
comment: An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.

has format
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:format <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/file-type/CSV> .
comment: The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types.

has language
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:language <http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/ita> .
comment: A language of the resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include written, spoken, sign, and computer languages. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4646.txt].

has license
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> .
comment: A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
term status: stable

has publisher
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
example: :my-paperback a fabio:Paperback ; dcterms:publisher :springer .
comment: An entity responsible for making the resource available.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.

has rights
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:rights <https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/> .
comment: Information about rights held in and over the resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights.

has discipline
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is discipline of
domain: Class
  union of: term dictionary
  union of: Endeavour
range: subject discipline
property disjoint with: is scheme of
example: :my-term-dictionary a fabio:TermDictionary ; fabio:hasDiscipline dbpedia:Computer_science , dbpedia:Law .
comment: The discipline to which a subject vocabulary belongs.
term status: stable

has manifestation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
inverse of: is manifestation of
domain: Work
range: Manifestation
property chain axiom: has realization
property chain axiom: has embodiment
example: :my-research-paper a fabio:ResearchPaper ; fabio:hasManifestation :my-print-object .
comment: A property linking a particular work to its manifestations.
term status: stable
editorial note: This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

has place of publication
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: Place
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPlaceOfPublication :london .
comment: The place (usually, the city) where the publisher of a particular bibliographic resource is located.
term status: stable

has portrayal
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
inverse of: is portrayal of
domain: Work
range: Item
property chain axiom: has realization
property chain axiom: has embodiment
property chain axiom: has exemplar
example: :my-research-paper a fabio:ResearchPaper; fabio:hasPortrayal :my-digital-item .
comment: A property linking a particular work to its items. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.
term status: stable

has primary subject term
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has subject term
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPrimarySubjectTerm <http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D005806> .
comment: This property is used to associate a frbr:Endeavour to a term in a particular classification system - and the term is considered one of the main topics for the endeavour in consideration.
term status: stable

has representation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
inverse of: is representation of
domain: Expression
range: Item
property chain axiom: has embodiment
property chain axiom: has exemplar
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasRepresentation :my-digital-item .
comment: A property linking a particular expression to its items.
term status: stable
editorial note: This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

has subject term
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: subject term
example: :my-research-paper a fabio:ResearchPaper ; fabio:hasSubjectTerm :air-and-space-law , :computational-linguistics , :philosophy-of-law , :legal-aspects-of-computing , :artificial-intelligence-incl-robotics .
comment: This property is used to associate a `frbr:Endeavour` to a term in a particular classification system.
term status: stable

is discipline of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: subject discipline
range: Class
  union of: term dictionary
  union of: Endeavour
property disjoint with: is in scheme
example: :my-concept a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel 'Ontology Engineering'@en ; fabio:isDisciplineOf :my-research-paper .
comment: This property relates a subject vocabulary to the discipline to which it belongs.
term status: stable

is manifestation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
domain: Manifestation
range: Work
property chain axiom: is embodiment of
property chain axiom: is realization of
example: :my-manifestation a fabio:Manifestation ; fabio:isManifestationOf :my-work .
comment: A property linking a particular manifestation to the work it is manifesting.
term status: stable
editorial note: This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

is portrayal of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
domain: Item
range: Work
property chain axiom: is exemplar of
property chain axiom: is embodiment of
property chain axiom: is realization of
example: :my-item a fabio:Item; fabio:isPortrayalOf :my-work .
comment: A property linking a particular item to the work it portrays.
term status: stable
editorial note: This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

is representation of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatedEndeavour
domain: Item
range: Expression
property chain axiom: is exemplar of
property chain axiom: is embodiment of
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isRepresentationOf :my-expression .
comment: A property linking a particular item to the expression it represents.
term status: stable
editorial note: This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

is scheme of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: is in scheme
domain: concept scheme
range: concept
example: :my-concept-scheme a skos:ConceptScheme ; fabio:isSchemeOf :my-concept .
comment: This property expresses the fact that a scheme contains a concept.
term status: stable

is stored on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
inverse of: stores
domain: item
range: storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:floppy-disk .
comment: This property relates a fabio:Item to the medium upon which it is stored.
term status: stable

stores
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: storage medium
range: item
example: :my-storage-medium a fabio:StorageMedium ; fabio:stores :my-item .
comment: This property relates a storage medium to the `fabio:Item` stored upon it.
term status: stable

has embodiment
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; frbr:embodiment :my-print-object , :my-digital-manifestation .
comment: A property representing a manifestation that embodies an expression.
term status: stable

is embodiment of
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-digital-manifestation a fabio:DigitalManifestation ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-expression .
comment: A property representing an expression that is embodied by a manifestation.
term status: stable

has exemplar
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-print-object a fabio:PrintObject ; frbr:exemplar :my-exemplar .
comment: A property representing an item that exemplifies a manifestation.
term status: stable

is exemplar of
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; frbr:exemplarOf :my-manifestation .
comment: A property representing a manifestation that is exemplified by an item.
term status: stable

has part
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-journal-issue a fabio:JournalIssue ; frbr:part :my-journal-article .
comment: A property indicating that one entity includes another entity.
term status: stable

is part of
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; frbr:partOf :my-journal-issue .
comment: A property indicating that one entity is a part of another entity.
term status: stable

has realization
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-research-paper a fabio:ResearchPaper ; frbr:realization :my-journal-article .
comment: A property representing an expression that is an intellectual or artistic realization of a work.
term status: stable

is realization of
type: ObjectProperty
example: :my-audio-document a fabio:AudioDocument ; frbr:realizationOf :my-sound-recording .
comment: A property representing the work that has been realized by an expression.
term status: stable

is in scheme
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: concept
range: concept scheme
example: :my-subject-term a fabio:SubjectTerm ; skos:inScheme :my-concept-scheme .
comment: This property expresses the fact that a concept is a part of a scheme.
term status: stable

alternate title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:title 'Advanced Semantic Mapping in 2026'@en ; prism:alternateTitle 'ASM 2026 Project Report'@en .
comment: An alternative title for a resource.
term status: stable

has DOI
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; prism:doi '10.1007/s10506-007-9036-2' .
comment: A Digital Object Identifier for a serial publication item, a dataset or some other entity.
label: has Digital Object Identifier
term status: stable

has eISSN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal a fabio:Journal ; prism:elssn '8765-4321' .
comment: An International Standard Serial Number, ISSN, for electronic versions of serial publications.
label: has electronic International Standard Serial Number
term status: stable

has edition
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-book-2026 a fabio:Book ; prism:edition '3rd Revised Edition' .
comment: An identifier for one of several alternative issues of a magazine, a book or other resource.
term status: stable

has ending page
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-print-object a fabio:PrintObject ; prism:endingPage '186' .
comment: A property used to identify the last page of an entity such as a journal article.
term status: stable

has ISBN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-book a fabio:Book ; prism:isbn '978-3-16-148410-0' .
comment: The International Standard Book Number, ISBN, used to identify published books or, more rarely, journal issues.
label: has International Standard Book Number
term status: stable

has ISSN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal a fabio:Journal ; prism:issn '1570-8268' .
comment: The International Standard Serial Number, ISSN, an identifier for serial publications.
label: has International Standard Serial Number
term status: stable

has issue identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal-issue a fabio:JournalIssue ; prism:issueIdentifier '2' .
comment: An identifier used to identify a specific issue of a magazine, a journal or other resource.
term status: stable

has keyword
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-research-paper a fabio:ResearchPaper ; prism:keyword 'legal ontologies' , 'methodology' , 'ontology modeling' , 'professional knowledge' , 'rhetorical structure theory' .
comment: A property used to tag a resource with a keyword that is likely to be used in search queries.
term status: stable

has page range
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; prism:pageRange '145-162' .
comment: A property used to identify the page range of an entity such as a journal article.
term status: stable

has publication date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has issue date
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: Datatype
  union of: date
  union of: gYear
  union of: gYearMonth
example: :my-paperback a fabio:Paperback ; prism:publicationDate '2007-06'^^xsd:gYearMonth .
comment: The date on which a resource is published or disclosed.
term status: stable
scope note: The date can be expressed in three different formats: - yyyy-mm-dd (i.e., xsd:date) - yyyy-mm (i.e., xsd:gYearMonth) - yyyy (i.e., xsd:gYear)

section
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
example: :my-news-article a fabio:NewsArticle ; prism:section 'Technology and Research' .
comment: The name or identifier of the section or part of a resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include Part 2 of Issue 6 of Volume 127 of the Journal of Cell Biology, or the Travel Section of a newspaper issue.

has starting page
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-print-object a fabio:PrintObject ; prism:startingPage '171' .
comment: A property used to identify the first page of an entity such as a journal article.
term status: stable

has version identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-technical-report a fabio:TechnicalReport ; prism:versionIdentifier '2.1.4' .
comment: An identifier for a version of a resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include a text book, a draft of an article, or a data file.

has volume identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal-volume a fabio:JournalVolume ; prism:volume '15' .
comment: An identifier for a particular volume of a resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include a journal or a multi-volume book.

has word count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: positiveInteger
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; prism:wordCount '1250' .
comment: The count of the number of words in a textual resource.
term status: stable

abstract
type: DatatypeProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:abstract 'This article explores the new frontiers of ontologies applied to AI in 2026.'@en .
comment: A summary of the resource.
term status: stable

has creation date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
example: :my-report a fabio:Report ; dcterms:created '2026-04-28'^^xsd:date .
comment: The date on which an entity has been created.
term status: stable

has date
type: DatatypeProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:date '2026-04-29'^^xsd:date .
comment: A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.
term status: stable
scope note: Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime].

has acceptance date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:dateAccepted '2026-04-28'^^xsd:date .
comment: The date of acceptance of an entity.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples of entities to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university examination board) or an article (accepted by a journal editor).

has copyright date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: date
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:dateCopyrighted '2026-04-28'^^xsd:date .
comment: The date on which an entity has been copyrighted.
term status: stable

has submission date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:dateSubmitted '2026-04-28T00:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which an entity has been submitted.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department), a grant application (submitted to a funding agency) or an article (submitted to a journal).

has identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:identifier 'doi:10.1000/182' .
comment: A unique and unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
term status: stable
scope note: Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.

has issue date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:issued '2026-04-29'^^xsd:date .
comment: Date of formal issuance of a resource (e.g. a publication or a patent).
term status: stable

has modification date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:modified '2026-04-28T20:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which an entity has been modified.
term status: stable

has title
type: DatatypeProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:title 'OPJK and DILIGENT: ontology modeling in a distributed environment'@en .
comment: A name given to a resource. Typically, the title will be the name by which the resource is formally known.
term status: stable

has validity date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:valid '2026-04-28T20:00:00/2036-04-28T23:59:59'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.
term status: stable

date last updated
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; fabio:dateLastUpdated '2026-04-29T09:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which a particular endeavour, such as an ontology, was last updated.
term status: stable

has access date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
domain: item
range: dateTime
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; fabio:hasAccessDate '2026-04-29T09:41:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which a particular digital item, such as a PDF or an HTML file, has been accessed by somebody.
term status: stable

has ArXiv identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
example: :my-preprint a fabio:Preprint ; fabio:hasArXivId '2304.12345v1' .
comment: An identifier used by the preprint repository ArXiv.
term status: stable

has CODEN
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
example: :my-journal a fabio:Journal ; fabio:hasCODEN 'JBCHA3' .
comment: A CODEN is a six character, alphanumeric bibliographic identification code, that provides concise, unique and unambiguous identification of the titles of serials and non-serial publications.
term status: stable

has character count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: positiveInteger
example: :my-manuscript a fabio:Manuscript ; fabio:hasCharacterCount '15400'^^xsd:positiveInteger .
comment: The count of the number of characters in a textual resource.
term status: stable

has copyright year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: gYear
example: :my-preprint a fabio:Preprint ; fabio:hasCopyrightYear '2026'^^xsd:gYear .
comment: The year in which an entity has been copyrighted.
term status: stable

has correction date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-preprint a fabio:Preprint ; fabio:hasCorrectionDate '2026-04-29T00:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which something, for example a document, is corrected.
term status: stable

has date collected
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; fabio:hasDateCollected '2026-04-29T00:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which some item has been collected, for example the data gathered by means of questionnaires.
term status: stable

has date received
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; fabio:hasDateReceived '2026-04-28T00:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which some item is received, for example a document being received by a publisher.
term status: stable

has deadline
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-call-for-applications a fabio:CallForApplications ; fabio:hasDeadline '2026-06-30T23:59:59Z'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: A date by which something has to be done.
term status: stable

has decision date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
example: :my-call-for-applications a fabio:CallForApplications ; fabio:hasDecisionDate '2026-07-15T23:59:59Z'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which a particular endeavour, such as a grant application, has been or will be approved or rejected by somebody.
term status: stable

has deposit date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
domain: item
range: dateTime
example: :my-preprint a fabio:Preprint ; fabio:hasDepositDate '2026-04-28T00:00:00Z'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which an entity has been deposited, for example in a library, repository, supplementary information archive, database or similar place of document or information storage.
term status: stable

has preprint dissemination date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
range: dateTime
example: :my-preprint a fabio:Preprint ; fabio:hasDistributionDate '2026-04-27T00:00:00Z'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date on which something is distributed, for example the date on which a preprint of a document is e-mailed to colleagues and other academics by the author(s), or the date on which a printed announcement of forthcoming theatre events is mailed to those those on the theatre's mailing list.
term status: stable

has electronic article identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasElectronicArticleIdentifier 'e12345' .
comment: A local identifier for an article within an electronic (i.e. on line, in HTML format) periodical issue. Use in preference to prism:startingPage when the article lacks page numbers
term status: stable

has embargo date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasEmbargoDate '2026-04-28T00:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The date before which an entity should not be published, or before which a press release should not be reported on. For open-access journal articles, the embargo date is the date before which availability of the open-access version of the article is restricted by the publisher, following subscription-access availability of the published work. The duration of the embargo period can be specified by fabio:hasEmbargoDuration.
term status: stable

has embargo period
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasEmbargoDuration '2026-04-28T00:00:00/2026-04-29T00:00:00'^^xsd:dateTime .
comment: The time period for which an entity is embargoed. During this period, the entity should not be published or, in the case of a press release, should not be reported on. For open-access journal articles, the embargo duration specifies that period of time during which availability of the open-access version of the article is delayed by the publisher, following subscription-access availability of the published work. The end of the embargo period can be specified by fabio:hasEmbargoDate.
term status: stable

has handle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
domain: Endeavour
range: string
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasHandle '20.500.12345/6789' .
comment: A persistent identifier of the Handle system for digital objects and other resources on the Internet.
term status: stable

has ISSN-L
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasIssnL '1234-5678' .
comment: A linking International Standard Serial Number.
term status: stable

has National Library of Medicine journal title abbreviation
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
sub property of: has short title
example: :my-journal a fabio:Journal ; fabio:hasNLMJournalTitleAbbreviation 'J Biomed Inform' .
comment: An internal identifier for the abbreviation of the title of journals available from the National Library of Medicine repository.
term status: stable

has National Library of Medicine journal identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: Datatype
  with restrictions:
    pattern: [0-9]+
  on datatype: string
example: :my-journal a fabio:Journal ; fabio:hasNationalLibraryOfMedicineJournalId '9604648' .
comment: An internal identifier for journals available from the National Library of Medicine repository.
term status: stable

has PII
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPII 'S0169-7161(26)00123-4' .
comment: Has Publisher Item Identifier
term status: stable

has page count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: positiveInteger
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPageCount '35'^^xsd:positiveInteger .
comment: The count of the number of pages in a textual resource.
term status: stable

has patent number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
example: :my-patent a fabio:Patent ; fabio:hasPatentNumber 'US1234567B2' .
comment: A unique identifying number issued by a patent authority to identify a patent, displayed at the beginning of the patent document.
term status: stable

has PubMed Central identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: string
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPubMedCentralId 'PMC1234567' .
comment: An identifier for bibliographic entities hosted by the PubMed Central repository.
term status: stable

has PubMed identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: string
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPubMedId '34567890' .
comment: An identifier for bibliographic records held by the PubMed repository.
term status: stable

has publication year
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has issue date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: gYear
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasPublicationYear '2007'^^xsd:gYear .
comment: The year in which a resource is published.
term status: stable

has request date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasRequestDate '2026-05-15'^^xsd:date .
comment: The date on which an agent is requested to do something, for example a reviewer is requested to write a review of a paper submitted to a journal for publication, or an author is requested to supply a revised version of the paper in response to the reviews received.
term status: stable

has retraction date
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has date
type: FunctionalProperty
range: dateTime
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasRetractionDate '2026-10-29'^^xsd:date .
comment: The date on which something, for example a claim or a journal article, is retracted.
term status: stable

has SICI
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: string
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasSICI '0015-6914(199612)18:12<12:SIAI>2.0.TX;2-B' .
comment: The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier is a code used to uniquely identify specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical. It is intended primarily for use by those members of the bibliographic community involved in the use or management of serial titles and their contributions.
label: has Serial Item and Contribution Identifier
term status: stable

has season
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasSeason 'spring' .
comment: Permits specification of the season of the year, for example spring, summer, autumn and winter in British English.
term status: stable

has number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
domain: Endeavour
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasSequenceIdentifier '1' .
comment: A literal (for example a number or a letter) that identifies the sequence position of a work within a particular context, for example a book in a book series, a chapter in a document, a volume in a journal.
term status: stable

has short title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
domain: Endeavour
range: string
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasShortTitle 'IWS' .
comment: A short version of the title of an entity, typically used to label or refer to a particular entity in an abbreviated form, for example an abbreviated journal title in a reference, or a short title of a document used as the running title in a page header.
term status: stable

has standard number
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasStandardNumber 'ISO 9001:2015' .
comment: The number defining an international standard, for example Z39.96 - 201x, identifying NISO JATS, the Journal Article Tag Suite.
term status: stable

has subtitle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
domain: Endeavour
range: string
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasSubtitle 'Practical Guide to Ontologies and Linked Data'@en .
comment: A secondary title that follows the main title of a work.
term status: stable

has translated subtitle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasTranslatedSubtitle 'Guida pratica alle ontologie e ai Linked Data'@it .
comment: A version of the subtitle of an entity translated into another language, which may be specified using the object property dcterms:language.
term status: stable

has translated title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has title
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasTranslatedTitle 'Il Web Semantico'@it .
comment: A version of the title of an entity translated into another language, which may be specified using the object property dcterms:language.
term status: stable

has URL
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: has identifier
domain: Endeavour
range: anyURI
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; fabio:hasURL 'https://www.example.org/articles/intro-semantic-web'^^xsd:anyURI .
comment: An identifier, in form of an HTTP Universal Resource Locator (URL), for a particular resource on the World Wide Web.
term status: stable

has volume count
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Endeavour
range: nonNegativeInteger
example: :my-book-series a fabio:BookSeries ; fabio:hasVolumeCount '12'^^xsd:nonNegativeInteger .
comment: The count of the number of volumes a work includes.
term status: stable

uses calendar
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
example: :my-work a fabio:Work ; fabio:usesCalendar 'lunar' .
comment: A property that identifies the calendar system used to specify a date, for example the Chinese, Gregorian, Hebrew, Islamic or Lunar calendar.
term status: stable

abstract
type: Class
subclass of: expression
disjoint with: structured summary
example: :my-abstract a fabio:Abstract ; c4o:hasContent 'In the legal domain, ontologies enjoy quite some reputation as a way to model normative knowledge about laws and jurisprudence.'@en .
comment: A brief summary of a work on a particular subject, designed to act as the point-of-entry that will help the reader quickly to obtain an overview of the work's contents. The abstract may be an integral part of the work itself, written by the same author(s) and appearing at the beginning of a work such as a research paper, report, review or thesis. Alternatively it may be separate from the published work itself, and written by someone other than the author(s) of the published work, for example by a member of a professional abstracting service such as CAB Abstracts.
term status: stable

academic proceedings
type: Class
subclass of: expression collection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: proceedings paper
  on property: has part
example: :my-academic-proceedings a fabio:AcademicProceedings ; dcterms:title 'Patent Infringement Proceedings'@en ; frbr:part :my-proceedings-paper .
comment: A document containing the programme and collected papers, or their abstracts, presented at an academic meeting.
term status: stable

addendum
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-addendum a fabio:Addendum ; dcterms:title 'Addendum: Unified framework for open quantum dynamics with memory'@en .
comment: An item of material added at the end of a book or other publication, typically to include omitted or late-arriving material.
term status: stable

algorithm
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-algorithm a fabio:Algorithm ; dcterms:title 'Distance Calculator'@en ; dcterms:computer :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'Algorithm for calculating the distance between to geo locations.'@en .
comment: A precise sequential set of pre-defined logical rules or computational operations to be employed for solving a particular problem in a finite number of steps.
term status: stable

analog item
type: Class
subclass of: item
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: analog storage medium
  on property: is stored on
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: analog manifestation
  on property: is exemplar of
disjoint with: digital item
example: :my-analog-item a fabio:AnalogItem ; dcterms:title 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'@en ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:paper ; frbr:exemplarOf :my-analog-manifestation .
comment: A real object that is an exemplar of a `fabio:Manifestation`, such as a particular copy of the book 'Alice's adventures in Wonderland', that a person may own.
term status: stable
scope note: An analog item is an exemplar of an analog manifestation only and it is always stored in a storage medium suitable for analog objects, such as paper, vinyl discs and films.

analog manifestation
type: Class
subclass of: manifestation
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: analog item
  on property: has exemplar
disjoint with: digital manifestation
example: :my-analog-manifestation a fabio:AnalogManifestation ; dcterms:title 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'@en ; frbr:exemplar :my-analog-item .
comment: A manifestation in an analog form.
term status: stable

analog storage medium
type: Class
subclass of: storage medium
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: analog item
  on property: stores
example: fabio:paper a fabio:AnalogStorageMedium .
comment: A means of storing information in non-digital form, e.g. paper, film (for analogue photographs or movies), magnetic tape (for analogue sound recordings or video recordings) or vinyl disc.
term status: stable

announcement
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-announcement a fabio:Announcement ; dcterms:title 'Open Access Publisher acquires 'The Journal of Future Science''@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'Official press release announcing the strategic acquisition of the journal to expand our Open Access portfolio.'@en .
comment: A formal statement about something.
term status: stable

anthology
type: Class
subclass of: expression collection
example: :my-anthology a fabio:Anthology ; dcterms:title 'The Best Science Fiction Ever Written'@en ; frbr:part :my-story, :my-another-story .
comment: A collection of selected literary or scholastics works, for example poems, short stories, plays or research papers.
term status: stable

application profile
type: Class
subclass of: metadata
example: :my-application-profile a fabio:ApplicationProfile ; dcterms:title 'The Cultural Heritage Acquisition and Digitisation Application Profile (CHAD-AP)' ; dcterms:description 'CHAD-AP is a CIDOC CRM application profile implemented as an OWL ontology for describing the acquisition and digitisation processes of cultural heritage objects.'@en .
comment: A set of metadata elements, policies and guidelines defined for a particular application.
term status: stable
scope note: The metadata elements used in the application profile may be drawn from more than one element sets, including locally defined sets.

API
type: Class
subclass of: computer program
example: :my-api a fabio:ApplicationProgrammingInterface ; dcterms:title 'OpenCitations Meta REST API' ; dcterms:description 'The REST API for OpenCitations Meta, the OpenCitations dataset containing bibliographic metadata associated with the documents involved in the citations stored in the OpenCitations Indexes.'@en .
comment: A computer program, commonly abbreviated as 'API', that enables a separate computer to interact programmatically with the computer running it.
label: application programming interface
term status: stable

archival document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-archival-document a fabio:ArchivalDocument ; dcterms:title 'Letter from Alan Turing to the Editor of Nature, 1945'@en ; dcterms:identifier 'MS-TUR-01-A' ; frbr:realizationOf :my-archival-record ; dcterms:description 'A handwritten letter preserved in the university archives.'@en .
comment: An archival document is a realization of the content related to an archival record. It can be exemplified as a book, a document, a letter, a database, etc.
term status: stable

archival document set
type: Class
subclass of: expression collection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: archival document
  on property: has part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: archival document
  on property: has part
example: :my-archival-document-set a fabio:ArchivalDocumentSet ; dcterms:title 'Collection of documents related to Alan Turing's correspondence'@en ; frbr:part :my-archival-document, :my-another-archival-document ; frbr:realizationOf :my-archival-record-set ; dcterms:description 'A collection of various archival documents.'@en .
comment: A collection of archival document.
term status: stable

archival record
type: Class
subclass of: work
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: archival document
  on property: has realization
example: :my-archival-record a fabio:ArchivalRecord ; dcterms:title 'Correspondence of Alan Turing regarding Enigma decryption'@en ; dcterms:creator :alan-turing ; frbr:realization :my-archival-document ; dcterms:description 'The conceptual archival entity representing the correspondence created by Alan Turing during his research.'@en .
comment: An archival record connotes a material created or received by a person, family, or organization, public or private, in the conduct of their affairs that is preserved because of the enduring value contained in the information it contains or as evidence of the function and the responsibilities of its creator.
term status: stable

archival record set
type: Class
subclass of: work collection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: archival record
  on property: has part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: archival record
  on property: has part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: archival document set
  on property: has realization
example: :my-archival-record-set a fabio:ArchivalRecordSet ; dcterms:title 'The Alan Turing War-time Correspondence Collection'@en ; frbr:part :my-archival-record, :my-another-archival-record ; frbr:realization :my-archival-document-set ; dcterms:description 'The conceptual collection of all archival records created by Turing during the conflict.'@en .
comment: A collection of archival records.
term status: stable

article
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-article a fabio:Article ; dcterms:title 'Automatic SHACL shapes generation'@en ; frbr:embodiment :my-digital-manifestation .
comment: The realization of a piece of writing on a particular topic, usually published within a periodical publication (e.g. journal, magazine and newspaper).
term status: stable

artistic work
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-artistic-work a fabio:ArtisticWork ; dcterms:title 'The Starry Night'@en ; dcterms:creator :vincent-van-gogh ; dcterms:description 'The conceptual artistic creation representing Van Gogh's vision of the night sky from Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.'@en .
comment: It describes any work regarded as art in its widest sense, including works from literature and music, visual art, etc.
term status: stable

audio document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: sound recording
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-audio-document a fabio:AudioDocument ; dcterms:title 'Audio recording of the interview with Tim Berners-Lee'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-sound-recording .
comment: The realization of a sound recording.
term status: stable

authority file
type: Class
subclass of: controlled vocabulary
example: :my-authority-file a fabio:AuthorityFile ; dcterms:title 'Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A controlled vocabulary that clusters different forms of a name into a single authoritative record.'@en .
comment: A controlled vocabulary or official list that establishes, for consistency, the authoritative forms of headings, and the preferred terms or proper names to be used, when creating a catalogue or when indexing and searching a set of entities within a defined domain.
term status: stable

bachelor's thesis
type: Class
subclass of: thesis
example: :my-bachelors-thesis a fabio:BachelorsThesis ; dcterms:title 'Sorting Algorithms Performance Analysis in Python'@en ; dcterms:description 'A thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science.'@en .
comment: A thesis reporting a research project undertaken as part of an undergraduate course of education leading to a bachelor's degree.
term status: stable

bibliographic database
type: Class
subclass of: database
example: :my-bibliographic-database a fabio:BibliographicDatabase ; dcterms:title 'Scopus'@en ; dcterms:description 'A large abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature.'@en .
comment: A database providing an authoritative source of bibliographic information.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), CrossRef Metadata Search (http://search.crossref.org/) and PubMed Central (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/).

bibliographic metadata
type: Class
subclass of: metadata
example: :my-bibliographic-metadata a fabio:BibliographicMetadata ; dcterms:title 'Bibliographic record for 'The Semantic Web''@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'Standard descriptive metadata including author, title, and publication date.'@en .
comment: Standard bibliographic metadata describing an expression of a work.
term status: stable
scope note: To take the example of a journal article, bibliographic metadata typically include the authors' names, the date of publication, the title of the article, the journal name and volume number, the first and last page numbers, and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

biography
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-biography a fabio:Biography ; dcterms:title 'Einstein: His Life and Universe'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:subject <https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5109-3700> ; dcterms:description 'A comprehensive scholarly work detailing the life history and scientific contributions of Albert Einstein.'@en .
comment: An account of the events, works and achievements, both personal and professional, of a person, either living or dead.
term status: stable

blog
type: Class
subclass of: web manifestation
example: :my-blog a fabio:Blog ; dcterms:title 'The Semantic Web Insights Blog'@en ; frbr:part :my-blog-post, :my-another-blog-post ; fabio:hasURL 'https://blog.example.org/semantic-web'^^xsd:anyURI ; dcterms:description 'A web manifestation used for publishing periodic entries about linked data technologies.'@en .
comment: A Web publication medium containing blog posts.
term status: stable

blog post
type: Class
subclass of: entry
subclass of: web content
example: :my-blog-post a fabio:BlogPost ; dcterms:title 'The Future of Linked Open Data in 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'An individual entry published on a blog discussing the evolution of LOD standards.'@en .
comment: Information manifested in a blog, one of a set of periodic sequential entries containing commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as images or videos, usually displayed in reverse-chronological order and usually maintained by an individual, or comments on such a post.
term status: stable

book
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-book a fabio:Book ; dcterms:title 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'@en ; dcterms:creator :charles-darwin ; frbr:realizationOf :my-work ; frbr:embodiment :my-analog-manifestation ; dcterms:language <http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng> .
comment: A non-serial document that is complete in one volume or a designated finite number of volumes. A book published by a publisher is usually identified by an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), and may be manifested as a physical printed publication on paper bound in a hard or soft cover, or in electronic format as an 'e-book'.
term status: stable

book chapter
type: Class
subclass of: chapter
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: book
  on property: is part of
example: :my-book-chapter a fabio:BookChapter ; dcterms:title 'Chapter 4: Methodology for Ontology Engineering'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:partOf :my-book ; dcterms:description 'A specific chapter focused on engineering methodologies within a scholarly handbook.'@en .
comment: A defined chapter of a book, usually with a separate title or number.
term status: stable

book review
type: Class
subclass of: review
example: :my-book-review a fabio:BookReview ; dcterms:title 'A Critical Analysis of Darwin's Evolutionary Theory'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:subject :origin-of-species ; dcterms:description 'A detailed scholarly review and critical analysis of the arguments presented in 'On the Origin of Species'.'@en .
comment: A written review and critical analysis of the content, scope and quality of a book or other monographic work.
term status: stable

book series
type: Class
subclass of: series
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: book
  on property: has part
disjoint with: book set
example: :my-book-series a fabio:BookSeries ; dcterms:title 'Lecture Notes in Computer Science'@en ; prism:issn '0302-9743' ; frbr:part :my-book, :my-another-book ; dcterms:description 'A theoretical and professional book series focused on computer science research and development.'@en .
comment: A sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include the books in the Law, Governance and Technology Series published by Springer.

book set
type: Class
subclass of: expression collection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: book
  on property: has part
example: :my-book-set a fabio:BookSet ; dcterms:title 'The Lord of the Rings (Boxed Set)'@en ; frbr:part :my-book, :my-another-book, :my-even-another-book ; dcterms:description 'A finite collection of books published together as a single unit or boxed set.'@en .
comment: A set of books having certain characteristics in common that informally allow their identification together as a group - for instance, the books of the Harry Potter saga.
term status: stable

brief report
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Class
  union of: rapid communication
  union of: report document
example: :my-brief-report a fabio:BriefReport ; dcterms:title 'Preliminary Observations on the New Omicron Subvariant'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A short report providing early data and rapid updates on ongoing clinical observations.'@en ; dcterms:subject <http://purl.uniprot.org/keywords/949> .
comment: A brief report document. This term may also be used synonymously with Rapid Communication to mean 'A short rapidly published research article or conference paper, typically reporting significant research results that have been recently discovered, or a brief news item reporting such discoveries.'
term status: stable

call for applications
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: proposition
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-call-for-applications a fabio:CallForApplications ; dcterms:title 'ERC Starting Grants 2026 Call'@en ; fabio:hasDeadline '2025-10-15T17:00:00Z'^^xsd:dateTime ; frbr:realizationOf :my-proposition ; dcterms:description 'Formal request for research proposals from early-career scientists to provide long-term funding.'@en .
comment: A document published by a funding agency requesting submission of applications for financial grants to fund projects, for example to enable research investigations in areas specified in the Call.
term status: stable

case for support
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-case-for-support a fabio:CaseForSupport ; dcterms:title 'Scientific Rationale for Neural Network Optimization Project'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realization :my-case-for-support-document ; dcterms:description 'The conceptual work providing the intellectual justification and research plan for a grant application.'@en .
comment: A part of a grant application that provides a description of a proposed project and gives reasons why it is worthy of funding.
term status: stable

case for support document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: case for support
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-case-for-support-document a fabio:CaseForSupportDocument ; dcterms:title 'Case for Support: Neural Network Optimization Project'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-case-for-support ; frbr:embodiment :my-digital-manifestation ; dcterms:language <http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng> .
comment: A document containing the case for support for a particular project, usually contained within a grant application document but sometimes distributed separately, without the financial and organizational information that the grant application document also contains.
term status: stable

case report
type: Class
subclass of: report
example: :my-case-report a fabio:CaseReport ; dcterms:title 'Rare neurological manifestations in a 45-year-old patient'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:subject <http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D009422> ; dcterms:description 'A detailed report of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of an individual clinical case.'@en .
comment: A report about a particular case or situation.
term status: stable

catalog
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-catalog a fabio:Catalog ; dcterms:title 'Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) - University Library'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A systematic list of items, such as books or manuscripts, arranged in a specific order to facilitate discovery.'@en .
comment: A list of items describing the content of a resource, for example items in an exhibition, items offered for sale by a vendor, or entities contained within a library or collection. Ideally, catalogs are created according to specific and uniform principles of construction and are under the control of an authority file.
term status: stable

chapter
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-chapter a fabio:Chapter ; dcterms:title 'Introduction to SPARQL Query Language'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-book ; fabio:hasSequenceIdentifier '1' ; dcterms:description 'The introductory chapter of a technical handbook.'@en .
comment: A defined document section, forming part of or intended for inclusion within a larger document, usually with its own title or chapter number. Different chapters within a document such as a book or a report may each be independently authored, or may all be authored by a single individual or group of authors.
term status: stable

citation metadata
type: Class
subclass of: metadata
example: :my-citation-metadata a fabio:CitationMetadata ; dcterms:title 'Citation data for 'On the Origin of Species''@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A collection of metadata specifically focused on the references and citations made by or to a particular work.'@en .
comment: Metadata describing the citations made within a work to other works, and (optionally) some characteristics of the expressions of the cited works.
term status: stable

clinical case report
type: Class
subclass of: case report
example: :my-clinical-case-report a fabio:ClinicalCaseReport ; dcterms:title 'Clinical management of severe respiratory distress in a pediatric patient'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:subject <http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D000086382> ; dcterms:description 'A detailed clinical report covering diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, and outcome of a specific patient.'@en .
comment: A presentation of findings following a clinical or medical investigation on a human or animal patient, that may contain a diagnosis and proposals for therapeutic treatment and/or epidemiological control measures, or may propose further evaluative studies that will eventually lead to such outcomes.
term status: stable

clinical guideline
type: Class
subclass of: instructional work
example: :my-clinical-guideline a fabio:ClinicalGuideline ; dcterms:title 'International Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:subject <http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D006973> ; dcterms:description 'Systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances.'@en .
comment: A recommendation on the appropriate treatment and care of people with a specific disease or condition, based on the best available evidence, designed to help healthcare professionals in their work.
term status: stable

clinical trial design
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-clinical-trial-design a fabio:ClinicalTrialDesign ; dcterms:title 'Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Phase III Study Design'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'The conceptual framework and methodological plan for conducting a specific clinical trial.'@en .
comment: A predefined written procedural method, designed to ensure reliability of findings, for undertaking a medical or veterinary clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic drugs or treatments, or of devices or techniques, involving a randomized controlled trial for evidence-based assessment in humans or animals, specifying criteria of eligibility, nature of controls, sampling schedules, data collection parameters, statistical analyses, reporting standards, etc. to be employed in undertaking the clinical trial.
term status: stable

clinical trial report
type: Class
subclass of: trial report
example: :my-clinical-trial-report a fabio:ClinicalTrialReport ; dcterms:title 'Final Report on Phase III Efficacy of mRNA-1273 Vaccine'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A comprehensive document reporting the methodology, data, and clinical outcomes of a completed clinical trial.'@en .
comment: The report of a pre-planned medical or veterinary clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic drugs, or of devices, treatments or techniques, involving a randomized controlled trial for evidence-based assessment in humans or animals selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for evidence of favourable and unfavourable effects.
term status: stable

collected works
type: Class
subclass of: anthology
example: :my-collected-works a fabio:CollectedWorks ; dcterms:title 'Luigi Pirandello's works'@en ; frbr:part :my-artistic-work, :my-another-artistic-work ; dcterms:description 'The complete intellectual output of Luigi Pirandello, gathered as a single conceptual collection.'@en .
comment: A collection of the literary or scholastic works of a single person.
term status: stable

comment
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-comment a fabio:Comment ; dcterms:title 'Clarification on the methodology section'@en ; dcterms:description 'A brief note or remark providing clarification or personal opinion on a specific part of a document.'@en .
comment: A verbal or written remark concerning some entity. In written form, a comment is often appended to that entity and termed an annotation. Within computer programs or ontologies, comments are added to enhance human understanding, and are usually prefaced by a special syntactic symbol that ensures they are ignored during execution of the program.
term status: stable

complete works
type: Class
subclass of: collected works
example: :my-complete-works a fabio:CompleteWorks ; dcterms:title 'Dante Alighieri: the complete works'@en ; frbr:part :my-work, :my-another-work, :my-even-another-work ; dcterms:description 'The complete set of all the intellectual works of Dante Alighieri, published as a comprehensive collection.'@en .
comment: A collection of all the literary or scholastic works of a single person.
term status: stable

computer application
type: Class
subclass of: computer program
example: :my-computer-application a fabio:ComputerApplication ; dcterms:title 'OpenRefine'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realizationOf :my-software ; dcterms:description 'A powerful tool for working with messy data: cleaning it; transforming it from one format into another; and extending it with web services and external data.'@en .
comment: A computer program designed to assist a human user to perform one or more goal-oriented tasks such as word processing or image processing.
term status: stable
scope note: A computer application will typically save its output files in one or more specific formats, conforming either to proprietary or open standards.

computer file
type: Class
subclass of: digital item
example: :my-computer-file a fabio:ComputerFile ; dcterms:title 'research_data_results_2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'An exemplar of a digital manifestation, stored as a discrete file on a computer system.'@en .
comment: A digital item containing information in computer-readable form encoded in a particular format.
term status: stable

computer program
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Software
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-computer-program a fabio:ComputerProgram ; dcterms:title 'Statistical Analysis Script in Python'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realizationOf :my-software ; dcterms:language <http://purl.org/NET/marccodes/languages/python> ; dcterms:description 'A set of instructions written in Python to automate data cleaning and visualization.'@en .
comment: A unit of computer code in source or compiled form, employing one or more algorithms to be executed by a digital computer to undertake a particular task. Computer programs are collectively called 'software' to distinguish them from the equipment ('hardware') upon which they run.
term status: stable

conference paper
type: Class
subclass of: proceedings paper
example: :my-conference-paper a fabio:ConferencePaper ; dcterms:title 'Advancements in Neural Symbolic Integration' ; frbr:partOf :my-conference-proceedings ; dcterms:description 'A paper presented at a conference and subsequently published in the conference proceedings.'@en .
comment: A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually published within a conference proceedings volume.
term status: stable

conference poster
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-conference-poster a fabio:ConferencePoster ; dcterms:title 'Visualizing Neural-Symbolic Integration: A Case Study'@en ; dcterms:description 'A large printed or digital sheet presenting research data and findings at a conference poster session.'@en .
comment: A display poster, typically containing text with illustrative figures and/or tables, usually reporting research results or proposing hypotheses, submitted for acceptance to and/or presented at a conference, seminar, symposium, workshop or similar event.
term status: stable

conference proceedings
type: Class
subclass of: academic proceedings
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: conference paper
  on property: has part
example: :my-conference-proceedings a fabio:ConferenceProceedings ; dcterms:title 'Proceedings of the 25th International Semantic Web Conference'@en ; frbr:part :my-conference-paper, :my-another-conference-paper ; dcterms:description 'The formal record of a conference, containing the collection of papers and abstracts presented.'@en .
comment: A document containing the programme and collected conference papers, or their abstracts, presented at a conference, seminar, symposium or similar event.
term status: stable

controlled vocabulary
type: Class
subclass of: vocabulary
example: :my-controlled-vocabulary a fabio:ControlledVocabulary ; dcterms:title 'Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A predefined list of terms used for indexing, cataloging, and searching to ensure consistency.'@en .
comment: A collection of selected words and phrases related to a particular domain of knowledge used to permit consistency of metadata annotation and improved retrieval following a search, in which homonyms, synonyms and similar ambiguities of meaning present in natural language are disambiguated.
term status: stable

correction
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-correction a fabio:Correction ; dcterms:title 'Correction to: Analysis of Climate Data Trends (2024)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A formal statement identifying and correcting errors in a previously published document.'@en .
comment: A correction to an error in a previously published document.
term status: stable

corrigendum
type: Class
subclass of: correction
example: :my-corrigendum a fabio:Corrigendum ; dcterms:title 'Corrigendum to: 'New Insights into Quantum Gravity''@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A notification of errors made by the authors in the original publication, issued as a formal correction.'@en .
comment: A formal correction to an error introduced by the author into a previously published document.
term status: stable

cover
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-cover a fabio:Cover ; dcterms:title 'Front Cover of Nature, Volume 600'@en ; dcterms:description 'The outer protective layer of a publication, often containing the title, author, and illustrative artwork.'@en .
comment: A protective covering used to bind together the pages of a document or the first, informative, page of a digital document.
term status: stable

critical edition
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-critical-edition a fabio:CriticalEdition ; dcterms:title 'The Divine Comedy according to the antica vulgata (ed. Giorgio Petrocchi)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A scholarly edition of a text that includes an apparatus criticus, based on the analytical study of variant readings in different manuscripts.'@en .
comment: A new edition of a historical publication, edited by a scholar other than the original author, containing within the body text the supposedly best version of the original work, with footnotes detailing and commenting on textual variations between different versions, typically with an introduction to the original work written by the scholar, and with a bibliography listing related publications.
term status: stable

data file
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: dataset
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-data-file a fabio:DataFile ; dcterms:title 'Raw Survey Data on Urban Mobility'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-dataset ; dcterms:description 'A computer file containing structured or unstructured data, intended for processing by computer applications.'@en .
comment: A realisation of a fabio:Dataset (a frbr:Work) containing a defined collection of data with specific content and possibly with a specific version number, that can be embodied as a fabio:DigitalManifestation (a frbr:Manifestation with a specific format) and be represented by a specific fabio:ComputerFile (a frbr:Item) on someone's hard drive.
term status: stable

data management plan
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: proposition
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-data-management-plan a fabio:DataManagementPlan ; dcterms:title 'Data Management Plan for Project OpenScience'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realizationOf :my-proposition ; dcterms:description 'A formal document outlining how data will be handled during and after a research project.'@en .
comment: A structured document giving information about how data arising from a research project or other endeavour is to be manages, preserved and shared.
term status: stable

data management policy
type: Class
subclass of: policy
example: :my-data-management-policy a fabio:DataManagementPolicy ; dcterms:title 'Institutional Policy on Research Data Management'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A policy specifically addressing the principles and requirements for managing, storing, and sharing research data.'@en .
comment: A policy that describes and defines how data should be managed, preserved and shared.
term status: stable

data management policy document
type: Class
subclass of: policy document
example: :my-data-management-policy-document a fabio:DataManagementPolicyDocument ; dcterms:title 'Official Research Data Policy Document'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-data-management-policy ; dcterms:description 'A physical or digital document that contains the text of a data management policy.'@en .
comment: A document embodying a policy that describes and defines how data should be managed, preserved and shared.
term status: stable

data repository
type: Class
subclass of: repository
example: :my-data-repository a fabio:DataRepository ; dcterms:title 'Zenodo'@en ; dcterms:description 'A multi-disciplinary shared research data repository, helping researchers receive credit for making their research results available.'@en .
comment: A repository for storing data.
term status: stable

database
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-database a fabio:Database ; dcterms:title 'GenBank'@en ; dcterms:description 'A comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for more than 300,000 named organisms.'@en .
comment: A structured collection of logically related records or data usually stored and retrieved using computer-based means.
term status: stable

database management system
type: Class
subclass of: computer program
example: :my-database-management-system a fabio:DatabaseManagementSystem ; dcterms:title 'PostgreSQL 16.0'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-software ; dcterms:description 'A powerful, open source object-relational database system used to create, manage, and query databases.'@en .
comment: A software, commonly abbreviated as 'DBMS', used to create a database.
term status: stable

dataset
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-dataset a fabio:Dataset ; dcterms:title 'Global Temperature Anomalies Dataset 2026'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A collection of related data records, with a specific focus on monthly temperature variations recorded globally.'@en .
comment: A collection of related facts, often expressed in numerical form and encoded in a defined structure.
term status: stable

definitive version
type: Class
subclass of: manuscript
example: :my-definitive-version a fabio:DefinitiveVersion ; dcterms:title 'The Role of AI in Modern Medicine - Final Version'@en ; dcterms:description 'The final version of an expression as it was published or released, incorporating all corrections and peer review changes.'@en .
comment: The final published expression of a work that bears the publisher's imprimatur.
term status: stable
scope note: Typically for a journal article, the Definitive Version results from revision of an earlier submitted version of the work following peer review, and is then published in print and/or digital form after the publisher has assigned it a DOI. The Definitive Version is also known as the Version of Record, although according to the CrossRef Glossary (http://crossref.org/02publishers/glossary.html) that term can also refer to the author's final version of a work that is not formally published.

demo paper
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-demo-paper a fabio:DemoPaper ; dcterms:title 'Visualizing Knowledge Graphs: A Real-time Interactive Tool'@en ; dcterms:description 'A short paper describing a practical demonstration of a system, software tool, or technology presented at a conference.'@en .
comment: A demonstration paper, typically describing a new product, service or system created as a result of research, usually presented during a conference or workshop.
term status: stable

diary
type: Class
subclass of: notebook
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: entry
  on property: has part
example: :my-diary a fabio:Diary ; dcterms:title 'John's personal diary'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:part :my-entry ; dcterms:description 'A record of personal experiences, thoughts, and daily events, kept regularly by an individual.'@en .
comment: A personal record, in a form of book, with discrete entries (often handwritten) arranged by date, reporting what has happened over the course of a day or other period of time.
term status: stable

digital item
type: Class
subclass of: item
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: digital storage medium
  on property: is stored on
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: digital manifestation
  on property: is exemplar of
example: :my-digital-item a fabio:DigitalItem ; frbr:exemplarOf :my-digital-manifestation ; fabio:hasURL 'https://example.org/download/paper.epub' ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:floppy-disk .
comment: A digital object, such as a computer file.
term status: stable
scope note: A digital item is an exemplar of a digital manifestation only and it is always stored in a storage medium suitable for digital objects, such as CDs, DVDs, HDs and the Web.

digital manifestation
type: Class
subclass of: manifestation
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: digital item
  on property: has exemplar
example: :my-digital-manifestation a fabio:DigitalManifestation ; dcterms:publisher :my-publisher ; frbr:exemplar :my-digital-item ; dcterms:format application:epub ; prism:publicationDate '2007-05-31'^^xsd:date .
comment: A manifestation that represents data in binary form, encoding the data as a series of 0s and 1s.
term status: stable

digital storage medium
type: Class
subclass of: storage medium
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: digital item
  on property: stores
example: fabio:floppy-disk a fabio:DigitalStorageMedium .
comment: A means of storing information in digital form, involving binary encoding of data in 0s and 1s, e.g. a computer random access memory, hard disc, USB stick, CD, DVD or digital magnetic tape.
term status: stable

directory
type: Class
subclass of: database
example: :my-directory a fabio:Directory ; dcterms:title 'University Research Staff Directory 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'A systematic list of names, addresses, and other data of persons or organizations.'@en .
comment: A database of information which is heavily optimized for reading.
term status: stable

discipline dictionary
type: Class
subclass of: concept scheme
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: subject discipline
  on property: is scheme of
disjoint with: term dictionary
example: :my-discipline-dictionary a fabio:DisciplineDictionary ; dcterms:title 'Dictionary of Clinical Medicine'@en ; dcterms:creator :medical-society ; fabio:isSchemeOf <http://purl.bioontology.org/ontology/MESH/D008511> ; dcterms:description 'A dictionary containing the specialized vocabulary and terminology used in the field of medicine.'@en .
comment: A discipline dictionary is a collection of subject disciplines.
term status: stable

doctoral thesis
type: Class
subclass of: thesis
example: :my-doctoral-thesis a fabio:DoctoralThesis ; dcterms:title 'Scalable Error Correction in Quantum Computing Architecture'@en ; dcterms:description 'A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.'@en .
comment: A thesis reporting the research undertaken during a period of graduate study leading to a doctoral degree.
term status: stable

document repository
type: Class
subclass of: repository
example: :my-document-repository a fabio:DocumentRepository ; dcterms:title 'Institutional Open Access Repository'@en ; dcterms:description 'A digital platform designed to collect, preserve, and disseminate the intellectual output of an institution or a specific community.'@en .
comment: A repository for storing documents.
term status: stable

dust jacket
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-dust-jacket a fabio:DustJacket ; dcterms:title 'Dust jacket for The Hobbit, First Edition'@en ; dcterms:creator :j-r-r-tolkien ; dcterms:description 'The detachable outer paper cover of a book, often with decorative illustrations and a summary of the work.'@en .
comment: A detachable outer cover, usually made of paper and printed with text and illustrations. This outer cover has folded flaps that hold it to the cover of a document.
term status: stable

editorial
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: opinion
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-editorial a fabio:Editorial ; dcterms:title 'The Future of Open Science in 2026'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-opinion ; dcterms:description 'An article expressing the opinion or policy of the editors or publishers of a publication.'@en .
comment: The realization of an opinion written by an editor.
term status: stable

e-mail
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-email a fabio:Email ; dcterms:title 'Update on laboratory results - Feb 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'A message distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.'@en .
comment: A message transmitted over the internet as an item of electronic mail, typically based on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Emails can have computer files containing documents, dataset and images attached to them or embedded within them.
term status: stable

entity metadata
type: Class
subclass of: metadata
example: :my-entity-metadata a fabio:EntityMetadata ; dcterms:title 'Metadata for Article 123'@en ; dcterms:description 'A set of data that describes and gives information about an entity, such as its creator, date, and subject.'@en .
comment: Metadata describing the work itself, including for example the name of the creator(s), the title of the work, and the date and place of its creation.
term status: stable

entry
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-entry a fabio:Entry ; dcterms:title 'Entry for 'Semantic Web''@en ; dcterms:description 'A self-contained section of a reference work, such as a dictionary, encyclopedia, or index.'@en .
comment: An item written or printed in a diary, list, account book, reference book, or database.
term status: stable

erratum
type: Class
subclass of: correction
example: :my-erraturm a fabio:Erratum ; dcterms:title 'Erratum to: Quantum Computing Efficiency (Vol 12, 2025)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A published correction of a significant error in a previously published work.'@en .
comment: A formal correction to an error introduced by the publisher into a previously published document.
term status: stable

essay
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-essay a fabio:Essay ; dcterms:title 'A Modern Reflection on Digital Ethics'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytical, speculative, or interpretative.'@en .
comment: A piece of non-fiction writing on a particular subject, usually of moderate length and without chapters.
term status: stable

examination paper
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-examination-paper a fabio:ExaminationPaper ; dcterms:title 'Final Exam: Ontology Engineering and Semantic Web'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A formal document containing a set of questions or exercises used to evaluate a student's knowledge or skills in a specific subject.'@en .
comment: A set of questions on a particular topic designed to test the academic, professional or technical ability of the person taking the examination, with achievement of a pass grade in the examination typically being a prerequisite for the award of an educational award such as a degree, or of a professional or technical qualification.
term status: stable

excerpt
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-excerpt a fabio:Excerpt ; dcterms:title 'Excerpt from Chapter 1: The Beginning'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-book ; dcterms:description 'A short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing.'@en .
comment: A segment or passage selected from a larger expression for use in another expression, usually with specific attribution to its original source.
term status: stable
scope note: An excerpt is more general than a quotation, and is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory. Similarly, the following concluding passage from William Wordsworth's poem Lines written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey is an excerpt rather than a quotation: Nor wilt thou then forget, That after many wanderings, many years Of absence, these steep woods and lofty cliffs, And this green pastoral landscape, were to me More dear, both for themselves and for thy sake. Note: Use fabio:Excerpt to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is not a passage of speech, and fabio:Quotation to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is a passage of speech.

executive summary
type: Class
subclass of: brief report
example: :my-executive-summary a fabio:ExecutiveSummary ; dcterms:title 'Executive Summary: Annual Research Impact 2025'@en ; dcterms:description 'A short section of a document that summarizes a longer report or proposal in such a way that readers can rapidly become acquainted with a large body of material.'@en .
comment: An executive summary is a brief report summarizing a longer formal report, designed to present the key points, conclusions and recommendations arising from the study being reported, for readers too busy to take the time to read the complete report.
term status: stable

experimental protocol
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-experimental-protocol a fabio:ExperimentalProtocol ; dcterms:title 'Standard Protocol for PCR Optimization v4'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A detailed plan of a scientific experiment or medical treatment, outlining the precise steps to be followed.'@en .
comment: A predefined written procedural method, designed to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same or other laboratories, that describes the overall objectives, organization and implementation of a scientific experiment, and specifies the experimental design, experimental methods, reagents, instrumentation, sampling schedules, data collection parameters, statistical analyses, image processing procedures, safety precautions, reporting standards, etc. employed in undertaking the experiment.
term status: stable

expression
type: Class
subclass of: Expression
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Expression
    on property: has part
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Expression
    on property: is part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: manifestation
  on property: has embodiment
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: work
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-expression a fabio:Expression ; dcterms:title 'Towards a new Semantic Web'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-work ; frbr:embodiment :my-digital-manifestation ; dcterms:description 'The intellectual content of a work.'@en .
comment: A subclass of FRBR Expression, restricted to expressions of `fabio:Work`.
term status: stable
scope note: For your latest research paper, the preprint submitted to the publisher, and the final published version to which the publisher assigned a unique digital object identifier, are both expressions of the same work. A `fabio:Expression` can only have part or be part of another `fabio:Expression`. Moreover, it can be a representation only of a `fabio:Work`, and it can be embodied only in instances of `fabio:Manifestation`.

expression collection
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: expression
  on property: has part
example: :my-expression-collection a fabio:ExpressionCollection ; dcterms:title 'Collected Papers on Biotechnology 2020-2025'@en ; frbr:part :my-research-paper, :my-dataset ; dcterms:description 'A collection of expressions, such as a book series or a thematic set of research articles.'@en .
comment: A collection of expressions, for example a periodical or a book series.
term status: stable

figure
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: still image
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-figure a fabio:Figure ; dcterms:title 'Figure 1: Annual Population Growth'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-research-paper ; frbr:realizationOf :my-still-image ; dcterms:description 'A visual representation of information, such as a drawing, painting, photograph, or diagram, used to illustrate or explain a point.'@en .
comment: A visual communication object comprising one or more still images on a related theme. If included within a publication, a figure is typically unaligned with the main body of text, having its own descriptive textual figure legend.
term status: stable

film
type: Class
subclass of: movie
example: :my-film a fabio:Film ; dcterms:title 'Interstellar'@en ; dcterms:creator :christopher-nolan ; frbr:realizationOf :my-moving-image ; dcterms:description 'A motion picture or movie, consisting of a sequence of images that give the illusion of continuous movement.'@en .
comment: A movie with an accompanying soundtrack, typically created by a professional film studio, designed to communicate a fictional story, record an artistic event, or impart information that is scientific or documentary in nature.
term status: stable

folksonomy
type: Class
subclass of: uncontrolled vocabulary
example: :my-folksonomy a fabio:Folksonomy ; dcterms:title 'User-generated tags for Nature Photography'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A system of classification derived from the practice of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content.'@en .
comment: A system of classification derived from the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content in a particular domain.
term status: stable

Gantt chart
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-gantt-chart a fabio:GanttChart ; dcterms:title 'Gantt Chart for Research Project 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'A chart in which a series of horizontal lines shows the amount of work done or production completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount planned for those periods.'@en .
comment: A horizontal bar chart used to guide project planning, execution and control, illustrating the project schedule, with a separate line indicating the start and end dates of each of the key project activities or workpackages, and optionally showing the dependencies between these items. A Gantt chart is typically part of a project plan.
term status: stable

grant application
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-grant-application a fabio:GrantApplication ; dcterms:title 'Advanced AI for Climate Resilience Proposal'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realization :my-grant-application-document ; dcterms:description 'A formal request for financial assistance to support a specific research project or initiative.'@en .
comment: A formal written request for financial support from a grant-giving body in support of a project, for example an academic research project.
term status: stable

grant application document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: grant application
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-grant-application-document a fabio:GrantApplicationDocument ; dcterms:title 'Project Proposal: Neural Networks for Climate v1.0'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-grant-application ; dcterms:description 'A document representing a grant application, such as a PDF or a printed form.'@en .
comment: The realization of a grant application, usually containing a case for support document.
term status: stable

hardback
type: Class
subclass of: print object
example: :my-hardback a fabio:Hardback ; dcterms:title 'The Divine Comedy'@en ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-book ; dcterms:publisher :my-publisher ; dcterms:description 'A book bound with rigid protective covers, typically covered with cloth, heavy paper, or leather.'@en .
comment: A print object bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with cloth, heavy paper, or sometimes leather).
term status: stable

image
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-image a fabio:Image ; dcterms:title 'Sunset'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A visual representation other than text, such as a photograph, painting, or drawing.'@en .
comment: A visual representation other than text, including all types of moving image and still image.
term status: stable

in brief
type: Class
subclass of: news item
subclass of: Class
  union of: journal news item
  union of: magazine news item
example: :my-in-brief a fabio:InBrief ; dcterms:title 'Science In Brief - March 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'A short summary or a collection of brief news items or notes.'@en .
comment: An 'In Brief' is a journal or magazine news item that describes all the articles (or all the important articles) in that issue of the periodical. The content of an 'In Brief' may be constructed from the abstracts of the articles it highlights, but is more likely to be written by a member of the periodical staff especially for the issue.
term status: stable

in-use paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
example: :my-in-use-paper a fabio:InUsePaper ; dcterms:title 'Implementing Semantic Web Technologies in Healthcare Systems'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A paper describing the practical application or implementation of a particular technology, tool, or method in a real-world setting.'@en .
comment: A scholarly work that describes applied and validated solutions such as software tools, systems or architectures that benefit from the use of the technology of a particular scholarly domain. Usually, papers of this kind should also provide convincing evidence that there is use of the proposed application or tool by the target user group, preferably outside the institution that conducted its development.
term status: stable

index
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-index a fabio:Index ; dcterms:title 'Analytical Index of 'Semantic Web Primer''@en ; frbr:partOf :my-book ; dcterms:description 'An alphabetical list of names, subjects, etc., with references to the places where they occur in a document.'@en .
comment: An alphabetically-ordered list of words and phrases ('headings') and associated pointers ('locators') to where useful material relating to that heading can be found in a document.
term status: stable

instruction manual
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: instructional work
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-instruction-manual a fabio:InstructionManual ; dcterms:title 'User Manual for Digital Camera Model X100'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-instructional-work ; dcterms:description 'A document providing detailed information on how to use, install, or maintain a particular product or system.'@en .
comment: An instructional document typically supplied with a technologically advanced consumer product, such as a car or a computer application, or with an item of complex equipment such as a microscope.
term status: stable

instructional work
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-instructional-work a fabio:InstructionalWork ; dcterms:title 'User Manual for Digital Camera Model X100'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realization :my-instruction-manual ; dcterms:description 'A work whose primary purpose is to provide instruction or training in a particular subject or skill.'@en .
comment: A work created for the purpose of education or instruction, that may be expressed as a text book, a lecture, a tutorial or an instruction manual.
term status: stable

item
type: Class
subclass of: Item
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Item
    on property: has part
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Item
    on property: is part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: manifestation
  on property: is exemplar of
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; dcterms:title 'article_456.pdf'@en ; frbr:exemplarOf :my-manifestation ; dcterms:description 'A singular, localized exemplar of a manifestation.'@en .
comment: A subclass of FRBR Item, restricted to exemplars of `fabio:Manifestation`.
term status: stable
scope note: A `fabio:Item` can only have part or be part of another `fabio:Item`. Moreover, it can be an exemplar only of a `fabio:Manifestation`. An example of a `fabio:Item` is a printed copy of a journal article on your desk, or a PDF file of that article that you purchased from a publisher and that now resides in digital form on your computer hard drive.

item collection
type: Class
subclass of: item
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: item
  on property: has part
example: :my-item-collection a fabio:ItemCollection ; dcterms:title 'Collection of historical items'@en ; frbr:part :my-item, :my-another-item ; dcterms:description 'A collection of items, such as a physical library collection or a set of digital files.'@en .
comment: A collection of items.
term status: stable

journal
type: Class
subclass of: periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal issue
  on property: has part
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal volume
  on property: has part
example: :my-journal a fabio:Journal ; dcterms:title 'Journal of Semantic Web Research'@en ; frbr:part :my-journal-issue , :my-journal-volume ; dcterms:description 'A scholarly periodical maintaining high standards of research and typically published at regular intervals.'@en .
comment: A scholarly periodical primarily devoted to the publication of original research papers.
term status: stable
scope note: Printed and electronic manifestations of the same journal are usually identified by separate print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN or eISSN, respectively), that identifies the journal as a whole, not to individual issues of it.

journal article
type: Class
subclass of: article
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-journal-article a fabio:JournalArticle ; dcterms:title 'OPJK and DILIGENT: ontology modeling in a distributed environment' ; prism:doi '10.1007/s10506-007-9036-2' ; frbr:embodiment :my-analog-manifestation , :my-digital-manifestation ; frbr:partOf :my-journal-issue .
comment: An article, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, published in a journal issue.
term status: stable

journal editorial
type: Class
subclass of: editorial
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-journal-editorial a fabio:JournalEditorial ; dcterms:title 'The Future of Open Access in 2026'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-journal-issue ; dcterms:description 'An article in a journal or other periodical that presents the opinion of the editor, publisher, or editorial board.'@en .
comment: An editorial published in an issue of a journal.
term status: stable

journal issue
type: Class
subclass of: periodical issue
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal volume
  on property: is part of
example: :my-journal-issue a fabio:JournalIssue ; dcterms:title 'Journal of Semantic Web, Volume 1, Issue 1'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-journal-volume ; dcterms:description 'A particular issue of a journal or other periodical.'@en .
comment: A particular published issue of a journal, one or more of which will constitute a volume of the journal.
term status: stable

journal news item
type: Class
subclass of: news item
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-algorithm a fabio:Algorithm ; dcterms:title 'Distance Calculator'@en ; dcterms:description 'Algorithm for calculating the distance between to geo locations.'@en .
comment: A news report published in a journal issue.
term status: stable

journal volume
type: Class
subclass of: periodical volume
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: journal
  on property: is part of
example: :my-journal-volume a fabio:JournalVolume ; dcterms:title 'Journal of Semantic Web Research, Volume 1'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-journal ; dcterms:description 'A particular volume of a journal or other periodical, usually collecting all issues published within a single year.'@en .
comment: A particular published volume of a journal, comprising one or more journal issues.
term status: stable

laboratory notebook
type: Class
subclass of: notebook
example: :my-laboratory-notebook a fabio:LaboratoryNotebook ; dcterms:title 'Laboratory Notebook: Protein Folding Project 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'A primary record of research, containing detailed notes on hypotheses, experiments, and initial analysis.'@en .
comment: A notebook used by an individual research scientist as the primary record of his or her research activities. A researcher may use a laboratory notebook to document hypotheses, to describe experiments and to record data in various formats, to provide details of data analysis and interpretation, or to record the validation or invalidation of the original hypotheses. The laboratory notebook serves as an organizational tool and a memory aid. It may also have a role in recording and protecting any intellectual property created during the research, and may be used in evidence when establishing priority of discoveries, for example in patent applications. Electronic versions of laboratory notebooks are increasingly being employed by researchers, particularly in chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry.
term status: stable

lecture notes
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-lecture-notes a fabio:LectureNotes ; dcterms:title 'Notes on Ontology Engineering - Lesson 4'@en ; dcterms:description 'A set of notes taken or prepared for a lecture, providing a summary or detailed account of the instructional content.'@en .
comment: A document containing notes that summarize a lecture or course of lectures.
term status: stable

legal opinion
type: Class
subclass of: opinion
example: :my-legal-opinion a fabio:LegalOpinion ; dcterms:title 'Legal Opinion on Intellectual Property Rights for Project X'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A formal written statement by a judicial officer or legal expert that sets out the legal principle and his or her application to a particular case.'@en .
comment: A written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies a ruling in a legal case, laying out the reasons and legal principles for the ruling, and sometimes containing pronouncements about what the law is and how it should be interpreted.
term status: stable

letter
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-letter a fabio:Letter ; dcterms:description 'A written message addressed to a person or organization, typically sent by post or messenger.'@en .
comment: A written or printed communication of a personal or professional nature between individuals and/or representatives of corporate bodies, usually transmitted by the postal service or published in a periodical. In the latter case, the letter is typically addressed to the editor and comments on or discussed an item previously published by that periodical, or of interest to its readership.
term status: stable

library catalog
type: Class
subclass of: catalog
example: :my-library-catalog a fabio:LibraryCatalog ; dcterms:title 'Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) - City Library'@en ; dcterms:description 'A register of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries.'@en .
comment: The catalog of the holdings of a library, for example that of the Library of Congress (http://catalog.loc.gov/).
term status: stable

literary artistic work
type: Class
subclass of: artistic work
example: :my-literary-artistic-work a fabio:LiteraryArtisticWork ; dcterms:title 'The Great Gatsby'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realization :my-book ; dcterms:description 'A work of a literary or artistic nature, including books, poems, plays, musical compositions, and paintings.'@en .
comment: A literary creative work, such as a novel, play, poem or song.
term status: stable

magazine
type: Class
subclass of: periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: magazine issue
  on property: has part
example: :my-magazine a fabio:Magazine ; dcterms:title 'National Geographic Magazine'@en ; frbr:part :my-magazine-issue ; dcterms:description 'A periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, typically of popular interest and current events.'@en .
comment: A periodical, usually devoted to a particular topic or domain of interest, and usually published weekly or monthly, consisting primarily of non-peer reviewed editorials, journalistic news items and more substantive articles, reviews, book reviews and discussions concerning current or recent events and publications, and matters of interest to the domain served by the magazine.
term status: stable
scope note: Some scientific journals, notably Science and Nature, also secondarily serve as science magazines by containing substantive editorials and news items on vital or controversial issues.

magazine article
type: Class
subclass of: article
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: magazine issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-magazine-article a fabio:MagazineArticle ; dcterms:title 'The Future of Arctic Ice: A 2026 Perspective'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-magazine-issue ; dcterms:description 'An article published in a magazine, typically written for a general audience.'@en .
comment: An article published in a magazine issue.
term status: stable

magazine editorial
type: Class
subclass of: editorial
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: magazine issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-magazine-editorial a fabio:MagazineEditorial ; dcterms:title 'A New Era for Digital Media'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-magazine-issue ; dcterms:description 'An editorial article published in a magazine, typically expressing the views of the editor or the publisher.'@en .
comment: An editorial published in an issue of a magazine.
term status: stable

magazine issue
type: Class
subclass of: periodical issue
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: magazine
  on property: is part of
example: :my-magazine-issue a fabio:MagazineIssue ; dcterms:title 'TIME Magazine - May 2026 Issue'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-magazine ; dcterms:description 'A particular issue of a magazine.'@en .
comment: A particular published issue of a magazine, identified by date, and sometimes also by place (e.g. 'West Coast edition') or language (e.g. 'Spanish edition').
term status: stable

magazine news item
type: Class
subclass of: news item
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: magazine issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-magazine-news-item a fabio:MagazineNewsItem ; dcterms:title 'New AI Regulations Announced in Brussels'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-magazine-issue ; dcterms:description 'A short news report published in a magazine, typically concerning current events or social announcements.'@en .
comment: A news report published in a magazine issue.
term status: stable

manifestation
type: Class
subclass of: Manifestation
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Manifestation
    on property: has part
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Manifestation
    on property: is part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: expression
  on property: is embodiment of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: item
  on property: has exemplar
example: :my-manifestation a fabio:Manifestation ; dcterms:title 'Towards a new Semantic Web'@en ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-article ; frbr:exemplar :my-digital-item ; dcterms:description 'The digital or physical instantiation of an expression.'@en .
comment: A subclass of FRBR Manifestation, restricted to manifestations of `fabio:Expression`. `fabio:Manifestation` specifically applies to electronic (digital) as well as to physical manifestations of expressions.
term status: stable
scope note: A `fabio:Manifestation` can only have part or be part of another `fabio:Manifestation`. Moreover, it can be an embodiment only of a `fabio:Expression` and it can be exemplified only by instances of `fabio:Item`. Examples of different manifestations of a single 'version of record' expression of a scholarly work include an article in a print journal or the on-line version of that article as a web page.

manifestation collection
type: Class
subclass of: manifestation
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: manifestation
  on property: has part
example: :my-manifestation-collection a fabio:ManifestationCollection ; dcterms:title 'The Complete Works of Shakespeare - Hardback Collection'@en ; frbr:part :my-analog-manifestation, :my-digital-manifestation ; dcterms:description 'A collection of manifestations, such as a set of books or a digital archive of files.'@en .
comment: A collection of manifestations.
term status: stable

manuscript
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-manuscript a fabio:Manuscript ; dcterms:title 'Initial Draft: Deep Learning in Healthcare'@en ; dcterms:description 'A textual work prepared 'by hand', including typescripts or word-processed pre-publication drafts.'@en .
comment: A textual work prepared 'by hand', such as a typescript or word-processed pre-publication draft of a research paper or a report, or a work not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies.
term status: stable
scope note: Note: `fabio:Manuscript` is not intended to describe a handwritten historical document on paper or parchment, for which the FRBR distinctions between work, expression, manifestation and item (individual copy) becomes blurred.

master's thesis
type: Class
subclass of: thesis
example: :my-master-thesis a fabio:MastersThesis ; dcterms:title 'Linked Data analysis in the library science domain'@en ; dcterms:description 'A thesis reporting the results of a period of study, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree.'@en .
comment: A thesis reporting a research project undertaken as part of a graduate course of education leading to a master's degree.
term status: stable

meeting report
type: Class
subclass of: report
example: :my-meeting-report a fabio:MeetingReport ; dcterms:title 'Meeting report for Project X - 2026'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A report of the proceedings of a meeting or conference.'@en .
comment: A report of a meeting of some kind.
term status: stable

metadata
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-metadata a fabio:Metadata ; dcterms:title 'Metadata record for 'The Fellowship of the Ring''@en ; frbr:realization :my-metadata-document ; dcterms:description 'A document containing data about other data, such as a library catalog record or an RDF description.'@en .
comment: A separate work that provides information describing one or more characteristics of a resource or entity.
term status: stable

metadata document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: metadata
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-metadata-document a fabio:MetadataDocument ; dcterms:title 'XML schema for my dataset'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-metadata ; dcterms:description 'A document consisting entirely of metadata describing one or more other resources.'@en .
comment: A document that contains metadata information describing one or more characteristics of an entity.
term status: stable

methods paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
example: :my-methods-paper a fabio:MethodsPaper ; dcterms:title 'A Novel Method for Rapid DNA Sequencing'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A scholarly paper whose primary purpose is to describe a new method or a significant improvement to an existing method.'@en .
comment: A scholarly work detailing a method, procedure or experimental protocol employed in a particular scholarly domain.
term status: stable

microblog
type: Class
subclass of: blog
example: :my-microblog a fabio:Microblog ; dcterms:title 'Open Science Updates Microblog'@en ; frbr:part :my-micropost ; dcterms:description 'A blog that contains very short posts, such as those on Twitter or Mastodon.'@en .
comment: A social networking publication medium such as Twitter, Tumblr, FriendFeed, Facebook or MySpace. A microblog differs from a traditional blog in that its individual content items are smaller than a traditional blog posts, typically containing just a short sentence, a single image, or a URI. These small messages are referred to as microposts.
term status: stable

micropost
type: Class
subclass of: entry
subclass of: web content
example: :my-micropost a fabio:Micropost ; frbr:partOf :my-microblog ; dcterms:description 'A very short post on a microblog, typically limited to a few hundred characters.'@en .
comment: A content item that is published in a Microblog, typically containing just a short sentence, a single image, or a URL.
term status: stable

minimal information standard
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-minimal-information-standard a fabio:MinimalInformationStandard ; dcterms:title 'MIAME: Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A standard specifying the minimum information required to report a particular type of scientific experiment.'@en .
comment: A metadata standard specifying items to be included when creating metadata describing a dataset of a particular type, or when creating a structured summary of the main findings of an article or report in a particular domain of interest, thereby ensuring adequate descriptive information is recorded for subsequent resource discovery and/or interpretation of the information described.
term status: stable

model
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-model a fabio:Model ; dcterms:title 'Statistical model for bibliographic data science v4.2'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A physical, mathematical, or logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process.'@en .
comment: A mathematical, graphical or physical representation of some physical reality, conceptual idea or theoretical construct.
term status: stable

movie
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: moving image
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-movie a fabio:Movie ; dcterms:title 'Interstellar'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-moving-image ; dcterms:description 'A recording of moving images that tells a story and that people watch on a screen or television.'@en .
comment: The realization of a moving image.
term status: stable

moving image
type: Class
subclass of: image
disjoint with: still image
example: :my-moving-image a fabio:MovingImage ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:title 'Interstellar'@en ; dcterms:description 'A creation consisting of a series of images that, when shown in rapid succession, give the impression of movement.'@en .
comment: A moving display, either generated dynamically by a computer program or formed from a series of pre-recorded still images imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include animations, cine films, videos, and computational simulations. Expressions of moving images may incorporate synchronized soundtracks.

musical composition
type: Class
subclass of: literary artistic work
example: :my-musical-composition a fabio:MusicalComposition ; dcterms:title 'Symphony n. 5'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A creative work of a musical nature, typically consisting of a sequence of notes and rhythms.'@en .
comment: A piece of music, typically in the form of a composition recorded in musical notation.
term status: stable

nanopublication
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-nanopublication a fabio:Nanopublication ; dcterms:title 'Interaction protein-gene NP-721'@en ; dcterms:description 'The smallest unit of publishable information, an assertion that can be uniquely identified and attributed.'@en .
comment: A single, attributable and machine-readable factual assertion - the smallest unit of publishable information that can be uniquely identified and attributed to its author - typically expressed in RDF.
term status: stable
scope note: The minimal components of a nanopublication are as follows: * the factual assertion itself, in the form subject, predicate and object (e.g. malaria is_a disease); * provenance information about the nanopublication, defining its authorship and creation date; * supporting information (optional), providing context for the assertion; * a unique identifier for the nanopublication, in the form of a URI; * an integrity key that ensures that the nanopublication is in its original form and has not been altered.

news item
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: news report
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-news-item a fabio:NewsItem ; dcterms:title 'New archeological site found in Rome'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-news-report ; dcterms:description 'A report of a recent event or a piece of new information, typically published in a newspaper or broadcast.'@en .
comment: A published news report.
term status: stable

news report
type: Class
subclass of: report
example: :my-news-report a fabio:NewsReport ; dcterms:title 'Social and climate emergency'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A detailed account of a news event, often providing context and background information.'@en .
comment: A report of an item of news.
term status: stable

newspaper
type: Class
subclass of: periodical
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: newspaper issue
  on property: has part
example: :my-newspaper a fabio:Newspaper ; dcterms:title 'Corriere della Sera'@en ; frbr:part :my-newspaper-issue ; dcterms:description 'A periodical publication containing news, other informative articles, and advertising.'@en .
comment: A non-peer reviewed periodical, usually published daily or weekly, consisting primarily of editorials and news items concerning current or recent events and matters of public interest.
term status: stable

newspaper article
type: Class
subclass of: article
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: newspaper issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-newspaper-article a fabio:NewspaperArticle ; dcterms:title 'Results from administrative elections 2026'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-newspaper-issue ; dcterms:description 'An article published in a newspaper.'@en .
comment: An article written by a journalist and published in a newspaper.
term status: stable

newspaper editorial
type: Class
subclass of: editorial
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: newspaper issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-newspaper-editorial a fabio:NewspaperEditorial ; dcterms:title 'The future of Italian market'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-newspaper-issue ; dcterms:description 'An editorial article published in a newspaper, typically expressing the opinion of the editor or the newspaper's management.'@en .
comment: An editorial published in an issue of a newspaper.
term status: stable

newspaper issue
type: Class
subclass of: periodical issue
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: newspaper
  on property: is part of
example: :my-newspaper-issue a fabio:NewspaperIssue ; dcterms:title 'The New York Times - Edition of April 28, 2026'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-newspaper ; dcterms:description 'A particular issue of a newspaper.'@en .
comment: A particular published issue of a newspaper, identified by date, and sometimes also by place or time (e.g. 'Late London Edition').
term status: stable

newspaper news item
type: Class
subclass of: news item
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: newspaper issue
  on property: is part of
example: :my-newspaper-news-item a fabio:NewspaperNewsItem ; dcterms:title 'Roadworks in Bubble Avenue'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-newspaper-issue ; dcterms:description 'A short news report published in a newspaper, typically concerning current events or social announcements.'@en .
comment: A news report published in a newspaper issue.
term status: stable

notebook
type: Class
subclass of: book
example: :my-notebook a fabio:Notebook ; dcterms:title 'Experimental Physics Notebook'@en ; dcterms:description 'A book with blank or ruled pages for writing notes in, or a scholarly publication consisting of a sequence of notes or records.'@en .
comment: A book containing personal notes, typically created by writing into a physical book with blank pages.
term status: stable

notification of receipt
type: Class
subclass of: announcement
example: :my-notification-or-receipt a fabio:NotificationOfReceipt ; dcterms:title 'Received manuscript 402'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A formal notice confirming that something has been received.'@en .
comment: A notification of receipt of something, for example of receipt of a book that will later be the subject of a book review.
term status: stable

novel
type: Class
subclass of: literary artistic work
example: :my-novel a fabio:Novel ; dcterms:title 'Three Body Problem'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A long narrative in literary prose.'@en .
comment: A long fictitious narrative written in literary prose.
term status: stable

obituary
type: Class
subclass of: news report
example: :my-obituary a fabio:Obituary ; dcterms:title 'In memory of John Smith (1945-2026)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A notice of a death, especially in a newspaper, typically including a brief biography of the deceased person.'@en .
comment: A news item reporting the death of a person, typically accompanied by an description of that person's life and contributions to his or her profession and to society at large.
term status: stable

ontology
type: Class
subclass of: controlled vocabulary
example: :my-ontology a fabio:Ontology ; dcterms:title 'Citation Typing Ontology'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization.'@en .
comment: A formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain of knowledge, and the logical relationships between those concepts.
term status: stable

ontology document
type: Class
subclass of: vocabulary document
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: ontology
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-ontology-document a fabio:OntologyDocument ; dcterms:title 'Citation Typing Ontology'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-ontology ; dcterms:description 'A document consisting entirely of an ontology, or a part of an ontology.'@en .
comment: A document containing an ontology.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include an OWL (Web Ontology Language) file (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/).

opinion
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-opinion-2026 a fabio:Opinion ; dcterms:title 'Legal opinion on GDPR v2'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document containing a judgment, view, or statement of professional advice given by an expert.'@en .
comment: An expression of a personal or professional opinion on an issue or topic.
term status: stable

oration
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-oration a fabio:Oration ; dcterms:title 'Oration for Open Day 2026'@en ; dcterms:description 'A formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion.'@en .
comment: A formal speech, for example one delivered at a ceremonial occasion, or the written transcript of such a speech.
term status: stable

page
type: Class
subclass of: manifestation
example: :my-page a fabio:Page ; dcterms:title 'Page 42'@en ; dcterms:description 'One side of a leaf of something printed or written, such as a book, manuscript or letter.'@en .
comment: A manifestation that represents pages either in physical (e.g., one side of a sheet of paper) or in digital form (e.g., a page in a PDF, or a web page).
term status: stable

paperback
type: Class
subclass of: print object
example: :my-paperback a fabio:Paperback ; dcterms:publisher :springer ; prism:publicationDate '2007-06'^^xsd:gYearMonth ; frbr:part :my-analog-manifestation .
comment: A print object with a flexible cover, usually made of paper or paperboard.
term status: stable

patent
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-patent a fabio:Patent ; dcterms:title 'AI-based ice cream generator'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:identifier 'US123456789' ; dcterms:description 'A government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.'@en .
comment: A formal disclosure of a new invention approved by a governmental patent agency, made to register intellectual property rights, and to give exclusive rights to the inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, license or sell the invention for a certain number of years.
term status: stable

patent application
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-patent-application a fabio:PatentApplication ; dcterms:title 'Application for patenting an AI-based ice cream generator'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realization :my-patent-application-document ; dcterms:description 'A formal request for the grant of a patent for an invention.'@en .
comment: A formal disclosure of a new invention, made in application for a patent.
term status: stable

patent application document
type: Class
subclass of: specification document
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: patent application
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-patent-application-document a fabio:PatentApplicationDocument ; dcterms:title 'Technical description for an AI-based ice cream generator'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-patent-application ; dcterms:description 'A document containing the text or drawings of a patent application.'@en .
comment: The physical or electronic realization of a patent application.
term status: stable

patent document
type: Class
subclass of: specification document
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: patent
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-patent-document a fabio:PatentDocument ; dcterms:title 'Technical text for a patent on an AI-based ice cream generator'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-patent ; dcterms:description 'A document containing the text or drawings of a patent.'@en .
comment: The physical or electronic realization of a patent.
term status: stable

periodical
type: Class
subclass of: expression collection
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: periodical issue
  on property: has part
example: :my-periodical a fabio:Periodical ; dcterms:title 'Nature'@en ; dcterms:issn '1476-4687' ; frbr:part :my-periodical-issue ; dcterms:description 'A publication that is issued in parts at regular intervals.'@en .
comment: A publication issued on a regular and ongoing basis as a series of issues, each issue comprising separate periodical items, for example editorials, articles, news items and/or other writings.
term status: stable

periodical issue
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: periodical
  on property: is part of
example: :my-periodical-issue a fabio:PeriodicalIssue ; dcterms:title 'Nature Volume 600 Issue 7887'@en ; fabio:hasSequenceIdentifier '7887' ; frbr:partOf :my-periodical-issue , :my-periodical-volume ; dcterms:description 'A single issue of a periodical publication.'@en .
comment: A particular issue of a periodical, identified and distinguished from other issues of the same publication by date and/or issue number and/or volume number, and comprising separate periodical items such as editorials, articles and news items.
term status: stable

periodical item
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: expression
  intersection of: Restriction
    some values from: Class
      union of: periodical issue
      union of: periodical volume
    on property: is part of
example: :my-periodical-item a fabio:PeriodicalItem ; dcterms:title 'The future of open science'@en ; frbr:partOf :my-periodical-issue , :my-periodical-volume ; dcterms:description 'An item published within an issue of a periodical.'@en .
comment: A piece of writing published in a periodical issue, typically accompanied by other items by different authors.
term status: stable

periodical volume
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: periodical
  on property: is part of
example: :my-periodical-volume a fabio:PeriodicalVolume ; dcterms:title 'Nature Volume 600'@en ; fabio:hasSequenceIdentifier '600' ; frbr:partOf :my-periodical ; dcterms:description 'A single volume of a periodical publication, usually collecting several issues.'@en .
comment: A particular published volume of a periodical.
term status: stable

personal communication
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-personal-communication a fabio:PersonalCommunication ; dcterms:title 'Technical discussion on data architecture'@en ; dcterms:description 'A communication between specific individuals, such as a letter, an email, or a private conversation, not intended for public dissemination.'@en .
comment: Information communicated personally by verbal or written means from one individual to one or more another persons or organizations.
term status: stable

Ph.D. symposium paper
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-phd-symposium-paper a fabio:PhDSymposiumPaper ; dcterms:title 'New approaches towards ontology engineering'@en ; dcterms:description 'A paper presented at a PhD symposium, typically describing ongoing doctoral research.'@en .
comment: A paper, usually presented during a specific session of a conference dedicated to Ph.D. students, that describes ongoing Ph.D. student's research.
term status: stable

play
type: Class
subclass of: literary artistic work
example: :my-play a fabio:Play ; dcterms:title 'Six Characters in Search of an Author'@en ; dcterms:creator :luigi-pirandello ; dcterms:description 'A dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage.'@en .
comment: A form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of scripted dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than reading.
term status: stable

poem
type: Class
subclass of: literary artistic work
example: :my-poem a fabio:Poem ; dcterms:title 'In the Desert'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A piece of writing in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by particular attention to diction, rhythm, and imagery.'@en .
comment: An artistic work written with an intensity or beauty of language more characteristic of poetry than of prose.
term status: stable

policy
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-policy a fabio:Policy ; dcterms:title 'University Open Access Policy'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:realization :my-policy-document ; dcterms:description 'A formal statement of intent or set of rules adopted by an organization to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes.'@en .
comment: A description and definition of how something should be done. Ideally, a policy should be both effective in achieving its goals and acceptable to those who have to abide by it.
term status: stable

policy document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: policy
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-policy-document a fabio:PolicyDocument ; dcterms:title 'University Policy for Open Access v3.0'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-policy ; dcterms:description 'A document that describes a set of principles or rules agreed upon by an organization or government.'@en .
comment: A document embodying a policy that describes and defines how something should be done.
term status: stable

position paper
type: Class
subclass of: opinion
subclass of: scholarly work
example: :my-position-paper a fabio:PositionPaper ; dcterms:title 'The use of generative AI in research'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A report or essay that presents an arguable opinion about an issue.'@en .
comment: A scholarly work that reports a particular intellectual position or viewpoint regarding a particular scholarly topic. Usually, these papers are dependent on the author's opinion or interpretation, do not have an evaluation, and need to present relevant and novel discussion points in a thorough manner.
term status: stable

poster paper
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-poster-paper a fabio:PosterPaper ; dcterms:title 'Visualization of knowledge graphs on mobile devices'@en ; dcterms:description 'A short paper describing a poster presented at a conference.'@en .
comment: A paper that typically accompanies a poster describing some preliminary results of research, usually presented during a conference or a workshop.
term status: stable

postprint
type: Class
subclass of: manuscript
example: :my-postprint a fabio:Postprint ; dcterms:title 'Advanced analysis of bibliographic metadata'@en ; dcterms:description 'A version of a scholarly article after it has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication, but before formal copyediting and formatting by the publisher.'@en .
comment: The version of an author's original scholarly work, such as a research paper or a review, re-submitted for publication after revision by the author in the light of comments from reviewers.
term status: stable
scope note: Note: For the version before peer review, use fabio:Preprint. For the final published version, use fabio:DefinitiveVersion.

preprint
type: Class
subclass of: manuscript
example: :my-preprint a fabio:Preprint ; dcterms:title 'Advanced analysis of bibliographic metadata'@en ; dcterms:description 'A version of a scholarly paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal.'@en .
comment: The version of an author's original scholarly work, such as a research paper or a review, first submitted to publisher for publication.
term status: stable
scope note: Note: For that version resubmitted after peer-review and revision, use fabio:Postprint. For the final published version use fabio:DefinitiveVersion.

presentation
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-algorithm a fabio:Algorithm ; dcterms:title 'Distance Calculator'@en ; dcterms:description 'Algorithm for calculating the distance between to geo locations.'@en .
comment: A set of slides containing text, tables or figures, designed to communicate ideas or research results, for projection and viewing by an audience at a conference, symposium, seminar, lecture, workshop or other gatherings, typically embodied in a particular manifestation format such as a SlideShare or PowerPoint slideshow.
term status: stable

press release
type: Class
subclass of: news item
example: :my-presentation a fabio:Presentation ; dcterms:title 'Introduction to Semantic Web technologies'@en ; dcterms:description 'A realization of a lecture, speech or other informative discourse, typically accompanied by visual aids such as slides.'@en .
comment: A news report published by an organization to provide information to journalists.
term status: stable

print object
type: Class
subclass of: analog manifestation
example: :my-print-object a fabio:PrintObject ; dcterms:publisher :springer ; prism:publicationDate '2007-06'^^xsd:gYearMonth ; prism:startingPage '171' ; prism:endingPage '186' .
comment: An analog manifestation in physical printed form, typically on paper.
term status: stable

proceedings paper
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-proceedings-paper a fabio:ProceedingsPaper ; dcterms:title 'Deep Learning applied to Knowledge Graphs'@en ; dcterms:description 'A paper published in the proceedings of a conference, workshop or similar event.'@en .
comment: A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually published within an academic proceedings volume.
term status: stable

product review
type: Class
subclass of: review
example: :my-product-review a fabio:ProductReview ; dcterms:title 'Technical review of Smartphone XYZ 2026'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A critical review of a product, such as a software application, a piece of hardware, or a commercial tool.'@en .
comment: A written review and critical analysis of the purpose, features, performance and other qualities of a product.
term status: stable

project metadata
type: Class
subclass of: metadata
example: :my-project-metadata a fabio:ProjectMetadata ; dcterms:title 'Technical metadata of the Horizon Europe 2026 project'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document containing metadata about a project.'@en .
comment: Metadata describing a project.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples include the project name, the names of those who conducted the project, the name of the institution in which the project was conducted, and the project funding information.

project plan
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-project-plan a fabio:ProjectPlan ; dcterms:title 'Plan for Smart City v1.0 project'@en ; dcterms:description 'A document describing the objectives, activities and schedules of a project.'@en .
comment: A document used to guide project planning, execution and control, specifying the project's goal and objectives and the activities and resources required to achieve these, setting out the project schedule, and identifying the major workpackages, milestones and deliverables. A project plan will typically contain a Gantt chart.
term status: stable

deliverable report
type: Class
subclass of: report
example: :my-project-report a fabio:ProjectReport ; dcterms:title 'Report on first semester 2026'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A report on the progress, results or status of a project.'@en .
comment: A report describing the outcomes of specific project, typically listing 'deliverables' created or 'milestones' achieved during the project.
term status: stable

deliverable
type: Class
subclass of: report document
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: deliverable report
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-project-report-document a fabio:ProjectReportDocument ; dcterms:title 'Project X final report'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-project-report ; dcterms:description 'A document containing a report on the progress, results or status of a project.'@en .
comment: A document containing a project report, intended to be delivered to a customer or funding agency describing the results achieved within a specific project.
term status: stable

proof
type: Class
subclass of: manuscript
example: :my-proof a fabio:Proof ; dcterms:title 'Proof copy for Book X'@en ; dcterms:description 'A version of a manuscript that has been typeset but not yet published, used for final checking by the authors.'@en .
comment: In printing and publishing, a proof copy is the preliminary version of a publication, after the inclusion of any author corrections following review, and after copy editing and formatting to bring the manuscript into the house style, intended for final checking prior to publication to detect and eliminate typographical errors, omissions or transpositions of text, incorrect layout or placement of illustrations and tables, or other formatting errors. Those who check proofs include the editor, possibly the peer-reviewers (to ensure that their requested modifications have been included to their satisfaction), possibly an in-house professional proof-reader, and / or the author, who is ultimately responsible for ensuring the published work says what (s)he means it to say. Substantive changes to the text are not permitted once the manuscript has reached proof stage.
term status: stable

proposition
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-proposition a fabio:Proposition ; dcterms:title 'P == NP'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A statement or assertion that expresses a new conceptualization.'@en .
comment: A proposal or proposition of a new conceptualization, hypothesis, idea, theory, activity or organisation.
term status: stable

questionnaire
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-questionnaire a fabio:Questionnaire ; dcterms:title 'Questionnaire for Open Data users'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study.'@en .
comment: A set of questions on a particular topic, usually in the form of multiple choice questions requiring the respondent to select the correct answer, or providing the ability to indicate support for or against a proposal on a numerical scale, designed for rapid numerical analysis of responses and often used in surveying public opinion.
term status: stable

quotation
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-quotation a fabio:Quotation ; dcterms:title 'Quotation from The Thing'@en ; dcterms:description 'A passage os speech selected from a larger expression.'@en .
comment: A passage of speech selected from a larger verbal or written expression for use in another expression, with specific attribution to its original source, and usually demarcated by quotation marks and / or by placing it in a separate indented paragraph.
term status: stable
scope note: A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented 'within quotation marks', for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: ' . . . we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender . . .' Similarly, the words 'but Brutus is an honourable man' from Mark Antony's funeral speech in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar is a quotation, since Mark Antony says these words in the play. Note: Use fabio:Quotation to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is a passage of speech, and fabio:Excerpt to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is not a passage of speech.

rapid communication
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-rapid-communication a fabio:RapidCommunication ; dcterms:title 'Preliminary results for new vaccine'@en ; dcterms:description 'A short paper reporting a piece of research that is particularly timely and relevant, published more quickly than a full research paper.'@en .
comment: A short rapidly published research article or conference paper, typically reporting significant research results that have been recently discovered, or a brief news item reporting such discoveries.
term status: stable

reference book
type: Class
subclass of: book
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: reference work
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-reference-book a fabio:ReferenceBook ; dcterms:title 'Oxford English Dictionary, 12th Edition'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-reference-work ; dcterms:description 'A book intended to be consulted for information rather than read from beginning to end.'@en .
comment: A book containing authoritative factual information, such as a dictionary, encyclopaedia, handbook or field guide, which is a realisation of a certain reference work and may contain several reference entries.
term status: stable

reference entry
type: Class
subclass of: entry
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: reference work
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-reference-entry a fabio:ReferenceEntry ; dcterms:title 'Definition of 'Ontology''@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-reference-work ; dcterms:description 'A discrete item of information in a reference book, such as a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article.'@en .
comment: A particular reference entry containing authoritative factual information on a certain topic, usually contained in a larger expression.
term status: stable

reference work
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-reference-work a fabio:ReferenceWork ; dcterms:title 'Encyclopedia of Life Sciences'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A comprehensive work such as an encyclopedia, dictionary, or thesaurus, intended for consultation.'@en .
comment: A work to which people refer for authoritative factual information, such as a dictionary, encyclopaedia, entry, handbook or field guide, or an informative web page such as an institutional, research group or project home page.
term status: stable

relational database
type: Class
subclass of: database
example: :my-relational-database a fabio:RelationalDatabase ; dcterms:title 'Database of 2026 publications'@en ; dcterms:description 'A collection of data items organized as a set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways.'@en .
comment: A database in which the data are arranged in tables according to their common characteristics, with relationships between the tables being defined by a relational model or schema. A relational database is highly optimized for performance, and is queried using a database query language such as SQL (Structured Query Language). The software used to create a relational database is called a relational database management system (RDBMS).
term status: stable

reply
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-reply a fabio:Reply ; dcterms:title 'Reply to Professor X's comment'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A written or spoken statement or document given in answer to another such statement or document.'@en .
comment: A work that is a reply, either to a letter or other direct communication, or to feedback or comments about a piece of submitted writing. The latter is typically written by the author of a journal article submitted for publication, or by an applicant making a grant application, in response to reviews of the work from peer reviewers prior to publication (for the journal article) or prior to funding decision (for the grant application). Alternatively, it can be written in response to post-publication peer-review of a published journal article, or comments about it.
term status: stable

report
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-report a fabio:Report ; dcterms:title 'Yearly report on scientific research'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document that presents information in an organized format for a specific audience and purpose.'@en .
comment: A formal factual, methodological, statistical, technical or research report issued by an individual, group, agency, government body or other institution.
term status: stable

report document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: report
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-report-document a fabio:ReportDocument ; dcterms:title 'Yearly report on scientific research'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-report ; dcterms:description 'A document containing a report.'@en .
comment: The realization of a report, usually in printed form.
term status: stable

reporting standard
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-reporting-standard a fabio:ReportingStandard ; dcterms:title 'CONSORT 2010 Statement'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A set of guidelines or a formal agreement that specifies how information should be reported in a document.'@en .
comment: A set of recommendations for the minimum reporting requirements to be employed when reporting a particular type of investigation or project, for example a randomized clinical trial. A reporting standard may involve a checklist and a flow diagram, offers a standard way for authors to prepare a complete and transparent report of their findings, and aids their critical appraisal and interpretation of their data.
term status: stable

repository
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-repository a fabio:Repository ; dcterms:title 'Zenodo Open Repository'@en ; dcterms:description 'A facility or system for the deposit, storage, and maintenance of digital or physical items.'@en .
comment: A computer system in which information may be stored.
term status: stable

research paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
example: :my-research-paper a fabio:ResearchPaper ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:title 'Towards a new conceptualization of Symbolic Artificial Intelligence'@en ; dcterms:description 'A scholarly work reporting original research contributions.'@en .
comment: A scholarly work that reports original research contributions addressing theoretical, analytical or experimental aspects of a particular scholarly domain.
term status: stable

resource paper
type: Class
subclass of: scholarly work
example: :my-resource-paper a fabio:ResourcePaper ; dcterms:title 'A new semantic dataset for library science'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A paper describing a resource (e.g. a dataset, an ontology, a software tool) and its value to the research community.'@en .
comment: A scholarly work that describes resources developed to provide experimental materials or facilities, support a research hypothesis, to provide answers to a research question, or that have contributed to the generation of novel scientific work.
term status: stable
scope note: Examples of such resources include, for experimental sciences, mouse mutant lines and large communally used X-ray or neutron sources, and, for computer sciences, datasets, ontologies, vocabularies, ontology design patterns, evaluation benchmarks or methods, services, APIs and software frameworks, workflows, crowdsourcing task designs, protocols and metrics.

retraction
type: Class
subclass of: announcement
example: :my-retraction a fabio:Retraction ; dcterms:title 'Retraction of 'Statistical analysis of environmental data 2024''@en ; dcterms:creation :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A statement issued by authors, editors or other authorized officials to withdraw a previously published work or part thereof.'@en .
comment: A public statement made about an earlier statement that withdraws, cancels, refutes, diametrically reverses the original statement or ceases and desists from publishing the original statement.
term status: stable

retraction notice
type: Class
subclass of: comment
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: retraction
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-retraction-notice a fabio:RetractionNotice ; dcterms:title 'Notice of retraction for article ID-456'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-retraction ; dcterms:description 'A formal public notice about a retraction.'@en .
comment: The realization of a retraction. A formal document which publicly withdraws, cancels, refutes, reverses an earlier statement or publication or announces the act of desisting from publishing the original statement.
term status: stable

review
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-review a fabio:Review ; dcterms:title 'Review of the book 'Intelligent Agents 101''@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A critical evaluation of a work, typically published in a journal or newspaper.'@en .
comment: A review of others' work.
term status: stable

review article
type: Class
subclass of: article
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: review
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-review-article a fabio:ReviewArticle ; dcterms:title 'Review of the book 'Intelligent Agents 101''@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-review ; dcterms:description 'An article containing a review.'@en .
comment: An article that contains a review.
term status: stable

review paper
type: Class
subclass of: review
subclass of: scholarly work
example: :my-review-paper a fabio:ReviewPaper ; dcterms:title 'New developments in Deep Learning'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A paper that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic, by surveying and summarizing previously published studies.'@en .
comment: A scholarly work that surveys the state of the art of topics central to a particular subject or relating to a specific domain (e.g. the scope of a certain journal or conference). Papers of this kind may contain a selective bibliography listing key papers related to the subject or providing advice on information sources, or they may strive to be comprehensive, covering all contributions to the development of a topic and exploring their different findings or views.
term status: stable

scholarly work
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-scholarly-work a fabio:ScholarlyWork ; dcterms:title 'Theory of General Relativity'@en ; dcterms:creator :albert-einstein ; dcterms:description 'A work created for the purpose of promoting or recording academic or scholarly research.'@en .
comment: A work that reports scholarly activity on a particular topic, either published in written form, or delivered orally at a meeting.
term status: stable

screenplay
type: Class
subclass of: literary artistic work
example: :my-screenplay a fabio:Screenplay ; dcterms:title 'Screenplay for 'Possession''@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document that outlines the story, characters, and dialogue of a film or television show.'@en .
comment: A written work made especially for a film or television program. Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, for example novels.
term status: stable

script
type: Class
subclass of: computer program
example: :my-script a fabio:Script ; dcterms:title 'Python script for bibliographic data cleaning'@en ; dcterms:description 'A program or sequence of instructions that is interpreted or carried out by another program.'@en .
comment: A small computer program written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, PHP or Perl that allows control of one or more software applications.
term status: stable

series
type: Class
subclass of: expression collection
example: :my-series a fabio:Series ; dcterms:title 'Lecture Notes in Computer Science'@en ; dcterms:description 'A sequence of separate expressions published in succession by a single publisher, typically with a common title for the entire set.'@en .
comment: A sequence of expressions having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group.
term status: stable

short story
type: Class
subclass of: literary artistic work
example: :my-short-story a fabio:ShortStory ; dcterms:title 'Exhalation'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A brief work of fiction, usually written in prose.'@en .
comment: A work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format. This format tends to be more focused and less elaborate than longer works of fiction such as novels.
term status: stable

software
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-software a fabio:Software ; dcterms:title 'Data Parser Tool'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A set of instructions that a computer can use to perform a specific task.'@en .
comment: The distinct intellectual creation of a computer program or software application. It represents the abstract concept, logic, and intended functionality of the software, independent of any specific source code implementation, programming language, or compiled version.
term status: stable

song
type: Class
subclass of: musical composition
example: :my-song a fabio:Song ; dcterms:title 'Your song'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-lennon ; dcterms:description 'A short musical composition with words.'@en .
comment: A musical composition that contains vocal parts ('lyrics') that are performed ('sung').
term status: stable

sound recording
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-sound-recording a fabio:SoundRecording ; dcterms:title 'Audio recording of lesson 01'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A recording of sound, such as music, speech, or other sounds.'@en .
comment: The creative work of making an electrical or mechanical recording of sounds, such as the spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, animal vocalizations or sound effects.
term status: stable

specification
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-specification a fabio:Specification ; dcterms:title 'Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A detailed description of the criteria for an item, such as a software system or a technical standard.'@en .
comment: An explicit description of, or set of requirements to be satisfied by, a material, product, resource, service or standard.
term status: stable

specification document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: specification
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-specification-document a fabio:SpecificationDocument ; dcterms:title 'Specification document for HTTP/1.1'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-specification ; dcterms:description 'A document containing a specification.'@en .
comment: The realization of a specification (a standard, a workflow, etc.).
term status: stable

spreadsheet
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-spreadsheet a fabio:Spreadsheet ; dcterms:title 'Budget analysis for research 2026'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document that presents data in a grid of rows and columns, often used for calculations and data analysis.'@en .
comment: An electronic form of data storage that displays a grid of rows and columns, in which each editable cell can contain alphanumeric text, a numeric value, or a formula that defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the content of another cell or cells.
term status: stable

standard operating procedure
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-standard-operating-procedure a fabio:StandardOperatingProcedure ; dcterms:title 'SOP for DNA sequencing (v2.1)'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out complex routine operations.'@en .
comment: Clear and detailed written instructions of a prescribed step-by-step procedure to be routinely followed, and decisions to be made when undertaking a specific task, process or function, to achieve consistent performance, ensure safety and/or assure data quality.
term status: stable

still image
type: Class
subclass of: image
example: :my-still-image a fabio:StillImage ; dcterms:title 'System architecture diagram v1'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A visual representation on a surface, such as a photograph, drawing, or painting, that is static and does not move.'@en .
comment: A recorded static visual representation. This class of image includes diagrams, drawings, graphs, graphic designs, plans, maps, photographs and prints.
term status: stable

storage medium
type: Class
example: :my-storage-medium a fabio:StorageMedium ; dcterms:title 'A storage medium'@en ; dcterms:description 'A physical medium on which data can be stored, such as a magnetic disk, optical disc, or flash drive.'@en .
comment: A device for recording information or storing data.
term status: stable

structured summary
type: Class
subclass of: specification document
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: minimal information standard
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-structured-summary a fabio:StructuredSummary ; dcterms:title 'Structured summary of Project X'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-minimal-information-standard ; dcterms:description 'A summary of a document that is structured into formal sections, such as Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.'@en .
comment: A structured summary containing essential metadata describing a research investigation and/or the research outputs that have resulted from it, for example datasets and journal articles, structured according to some minimal information standard. Such a structured summary can be embodied in both human-readable and machine-readable manifestations, e.g. HTML and RDF. Such a structured summary differs from the Abstract of a journal article, in that the latter is written as a piece of continuous prose, but typically omits vital factual information about the investigation, such as when and where it was conducted, by whom, and on now many specimens or subjects.
term status: stable

subject discipline
type: Class
subclass of: concept
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: discipline dictionary
  on property: is in scheme
example: :my-subject-discipline a fabio:SubjectDiscipline ; dcterms:title 'Computational Linguistics'@en ; skos:isScheme :my-discipline-dictionary ; dcterms:description 'A branch of knowledge or field of study, such as physics, history, or linguistics.'@en .
comment: A concept that identifies a field of knowledge or human activity defined in a controlled vocabulary, such as Computer Science, Biology, Economics, Cookery or Swimming.
term status: stable

subject term
type: Class
subclass of: concept
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: term dictionary
  on property: is in scheme
example: :my-subject-term a fabio:SubjectTerm ; dcterms:title 'Semantic Web'@en ; skos:inScheme :my-term-dictionary ; dcterms:description 'A word or phrase used to describe the subject matter of a work.'@en .
comment: A concept that defines a term within the controlled vocabulary of a particular classification system, such as the ACM Computing Classification System or MeSH, the Medical Subject Headings, used as an annotation to describe the subject, meaning or content of an entity.
term status: stable

supplement
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-supplement a fabio:Supplement ; dcterms:title 'Dataset and appendices'@en ; dcterms:description 'An expression that updates or adds to another endeavor, and is usually published separately.'@en .
comment: A supplement to a publication such as a book, journal, magazine or newspaper, additional to the main publication.
term status: stable
scope note: For example, a colour supplement to a sunday newspaper, or a special supplementary issue of a journal or a journal volume containing invited articles on a special topic, or abstracts or papers presented at a scientific conference.

supplementary information file
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-supplementary-information a fabio:SupplementaryInformation ; dcterms:title 'Extended tables'@en ; dcterms:description 'Information that is relevant to a work but is not essential to its understanding and is usually published separately.'@en .
comment: A file accompanying a published journal article, containing additional information of relevance to the article, typically available from the publisher's web site via a hyperlink from the journal article itself.
term status: stable

systematic review
type: Class
subclass of: review
example: :my-systematic-review a fabio:SystematicReview ; dcterms:title 'Bibliographic Data Science: a literature review'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research.'@en .
comment: A literature review focused on a single question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question. Systematic reviews of high-quality randomized controlled trials are crucial to evidence-based medicine. An understanding of systematic reviews and how to implement them in practice is becoming mandatory for all professionals involved in the delivery of health care. Systematic reviews are not limited to medicine, and are quite common in other sciences such as psychology, educational research and sociology.
term status: stable

table
type: Class
subclass of: expression
example: :my-table a fabio:Table ; dcterms:title 'Table 1: Comparative analysis of results'@en ; dcterms:description 'A set of data arranged in rows and columns.'@en .
comment: A graphical means of presenting data in a grid of rows and columns, within which the cells usually contain alphanumeric text or numeric values. If included within a publication, a table typically appearing unaligned with the main body of text, with its own descriptive title.
term status: stable

table of contents
type: Class
subclass of: table
example: :my-table-of-contents a fabio:TableOfContents ; dcterms:title 'Table of contents for User Manual v1'@en ; dcterms:description 'A list of the parts of a document, such as chapters or sections, organized in the order in which they appear.'@en .
comment: A table listing the parts of publication such as a book or technical specification, and the pages on which these content elements start (if the publication is printed or otherwise organized into pages), usually listed in order of appearance. The Table of Contents typically includes first-level headers, such as the chapter titles of a book, and may also include second- and even third-level headers. In electronic works, the Table of Contents entries are often internally hyperlinked to the content items, so that clicking on the entry takes the reader to that item.
term status: stable

taxonomy
type: Class
subclass of: controlled vocabulary
example: :my-taxonomy a fabio:Taxonomy ; dcterms:title 'Taxonomy for scholarly research activities'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types.'@en .
comment: A classification arranged in a hierarchical structure of classes and subclasses, showing parent-child `isA` relationships, or `broader_than` - `narrower_than` relationships.
term status: stable

technical report
type: Class
subclass of: report
example: :my-technical-report a fabio:TechnicalReport ; dcterms:title 'Technical report on genAI security'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document that describes the process, progress, or results of technical or scientific research.'@en .
comment: A report of a technical nature.
term status: stable

technical standard
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-technical-standard a fabio:TechnicalStandard ; dcterms:title 'ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices.'@en .
comment: An official or public specification of, or requirement for, a technical method, practice, process or protocol that is involved in, for example, manufacturing, computation, electronic communication, or digital media.
term status: stable

term dictionary
type: Class
subclass of: concept scheme
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: subject term
  on property: is scheme of
example: :my-term-dictionary a fabio:TermDictionary ; dcterms:title 'Artificial Intelligence Glossary'@en ; skos:isSchemeOf :my-subject-term ; dcterms:description 'A collection of terms and their definitions, often specific to a particular subject or field.'@en .
comment: A controlled vocabulary, usually referring to terms within a particular classification system, such as the ACM Computing Classification System or MeSH, the Medical Subject Headings, or a controlled vocabulary of disciplines.
term status: stable
scope note: A term dictionary is a collection of subject terms.

textbook
type: Class
subclass of: book
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: instructional work
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-text-book a fabio:TextBook ; dcterms:title 'Introduction to Meta-ontologies'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-instructional-work ; dcterms:description 'A book used as a standard source of information for the formal study of a particular subject.'@en .
comment: A book containing instructional material relating to a particular topic of academic study, designed to be read by students.
term status: stable

thesaurus
type: Class
subclass of: controlled vocabulary
example: :my-thesaurus a fabio:Thesaurus ; dcterms:title 'UNESCO Thesaurus'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A controlled vocabulary in which concepts are represented by preferred terms, and relationships between concepts are explicitly stated.'@en .
comment: A type of controlled vocabulary used in information retrieval applications for indexing or tagging purposes, in which relationships between terms are made explicit. These are normally hierarchical relationships (is-a, subsumption; e.g. a cow is a mammal), equivalency relationships relating non-preferred terms to preferred terms (e.g. pitch and frequency), or associative relationships, in which the relationship that exists is neither one of hierarchy or equivalence, but rather one of similarity (e.g. sports and leisure pursuits).
term status: stable

thesis
type: Class
subclass of: book
example: :my-thesis a fabio:Thesis ; dcterms:title 'Developing intelligent LLM-based agents'@en ; dcterms:description 'A document presenting the author's research and findings, submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification.'@en .
comment: A book authored by a student containing a formal presentations of research outputs submitted for examination in completion of a course of study at an institution of higher education, to fulfil the requirements for an academic degree. Also know as a dissertation.
term status: stable
scope note: For the alternative meaning of the word 'thesis', namely the formulation of a concept, hypothesis, idea, point of view or theory presented for review and/or discussion, use fabio:Proposition.

timetable
type: Class
subclass of: dataset
example: :my-timetable a fabio:Timetable ; dcterms:title 'Lessons' plan'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A schedule listing the times at which certain events, such as classes, meetings, or departures and arrivals, are intended to take place.'@en .
comment: A tabular dataset providing information about the times and locations of a planned series of events.
term status: stable

trial report
type: Class
subclass of: report
example: :my-trial-report a fabio:TrialReport ; dcterms:title 'Report on Phase 3 experiments' results'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A report of a trial, typically a clinical trial of a drug or a medical procedure.'@en .
comment: The report of a trial, for example an experimental trial or a legal trial.
term status: stable

triplestore
type: Class
subclass of: database
example: :my-triplestore a fabio:Triplestore ; dcterms:title 'GraphDB instance for Project X'@en ; dcterms:description 'A purpose-built database for the storage and retrieval of triples through semantic queries.'@en .
comment: A database specifically designed for the storage and retrieval of Resource Description Framework (RDF) data consisting of subject-predicate-object triples. A triple store is queried using the RDF query language SPARQL.
term status: stable

tweet
type: Class
subclass of: micropost
example: :my-tweet a fabio:Tweet ; dcterms:title 'Post about AI'@en ; dcterms:description 'A short social media post made on the X microblogging service.'@en .
comment: A posting made on the social networking site X (formerly known as Twitter). A tweet is a text message limited to 140 characters in length, that is broadcast and readable by anyone who accesses X.
term status: stable

uncontrolled vocabulary
type: Class
subclass of: vocabulary
example: :my-uncontrolled-vocabulary a fabio:UncontrolledVocabulary ; dcterms:title 'User folksonomy'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A collection of terms that are not part of a controlled vocabulary, such as a set of keywords chosen by a service's user community.'@en .
comment: A non-defined collection of words and phrases relating to a particular domain of knowledge, usually added freely by a community, in which homonyms, synonyms and similar ambiguities of meaning present in natural language are not formally disambiguated.
term status: stable

vocabulary
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-vocabulary a fabio:Vocabulary ; dcterms:title 'Vocabulary of scientific terminology'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A collection of words or terms, often with their meanings, belonging to a particular language or field of knowledge.'@en .
comment: A set of words, either constituting a language, or more specifically used to describe a particular domain of knowledge.
term status: stable

vocabulary document
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: vocabulary
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-vocabulary-document a fabio:VocabularyDocument ; dcterms:title 'SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-vocabulary ; dcterms:description 'A document that describes a vocabulary, such as a formal specification or a user guide.'@en .
comment: A document containing a vocabulary
term status: stable

vocabulary mapping
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-vocabulary-mapping a fabio:VocabularyMapping ; dcterms:title 'Semantic mapping between MeSH and LCSH'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A document describing the mapping between two vocabularies.'@en .
comment: A mapping of correspondences between two vocabularies.
term status: stable
scope note: For controlled vocabularies, such mappings may be expressed using SKOS (http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/).

vocabulary mapping document
type: Class
subclass of: specification document
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: vocabulary mapping
  on property: is realization of
example: :my-vocabulary-mapping-document a fabio:VocabularyMappingDocument ; dcterms:title 'Technical documentation on MeSH-LCSH mapping'@en ; frbr:realizationOf :my-vocabulary-mapping ; dcterms:description 'A document that describes a vocabulary mapping, such as a formal specification or a user guide.'@en .
comment: A document containing a vocabulary mapping.
term status: stable

web archive
type: Class
subclass of: repository
example: :my-web-archive a fabio:WebArchive ; dcterms:title 'Wayback Machine'@en ; dcterms:description 'A collection of web pages and associated assets that have been preserved for future reference.'@en .
comment: A snapshots of (part of) the World Wide Web.
term status: stable

web content
type: Class
subclass of: expression
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: web manifestation
  on property: has embodiment
example: :my-web-content a fabio:WebContent ; dcterms:title 'Content of SPUK's home page'@en ; frbr:embodiment :my-web-manifestation ; dcterms:description 'A document or other resource that is delivered to a user over the World Wide Web.'@en .
comment: Information prepared specifically and primarily for manifestation in a web page, comprising text, images, datasets and/or other works.
term status: stable

web manifestation
type: Class
subclass of: digital manifestation
example: :my-web-manifestation a fabio:WebManifestation ; dcterms:format 'text/html' ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-web-content ; dcterms:description 'A manifestation of an expression that is delivered over the World Wide Web.'@en .
comment: A digital manifestation on the Web, such as a wiki, a web site, a web page or a blog.
term status: stable

web page
type: Class
subclass of: page
subclass of: web manifestation
example: :my-web-page a fabio:WebPage ; dcterms:title 'SPUK's index page'@en ; dcterms:publisher :github ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-web-content ; dcterms:description 'A document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser.'@en .
comment: A Web manifestation usually identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), and made accessible to a user by means of the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) in a Web browser window. Several interlinked web pages hosted together on a Web server and accessed through a single domain name or IP address constitute a web site.
term status: stable

web site
type: Class
subclass of: web manifestation
example: :my-web-site a fabio:WebSite ; dcterms:title 'Semantic Web Italian Portal'@en ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-web-content ; dcterms:description 'A collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed with a common domain name or IP address.'@en .
comment: A collection of related web pages containing text, images, videos and/or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.
term status: stable

white paper
type: Class
subclass of: report document
example: :my-white-paper a fabio:WhitePaper ; dcterms:title 'Evolution of decentralized networks'@en ; dcterms:description 'An authoritative report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on the matter.'@en .
comment: An authoritative report or guide designed to educate readers and help people make decisions, or to explain technical problems and how to solve them. White papers are typically published by governments to propose new legislation for discussion, and by commercial companies to inform readers about products or services, as aids to marketing.
term status: stable

wiki
type: Class
subclass of: web manifestation
example: :my-wiki a fabio:Wiki ; dcterms:title 'Collaborative Wiki for Project X'@en ; frbr:embodimentOf :my-web-content ; dcterms:description 'A website that allows collaborative editing of its content and structure by its users.'@en .
comment: A collaborative Web manifestation, usually maintained by a project team or group, providing easy-to-edit pages that can be used to accumulate related information for shared use by the group and/or publication.
term status: stable

wiki entry
type: Class
subclass of: entry
subclass of: web content
example: :my-wiki-entry a fabio:WikiEntry ; dcterms:title 'Definition of Project X'@en ; dcterms:description 'A single article or page within a wiki.'@en .
comment: Information manifested in a wiki.
term status: stable

wikipedia entry
type: Class
subclass of: wiki entry
example: :my-wiki-entry a fabio:WikiEntry ; dcterms:title 'Definition of Project X'@en ; dcterms:description 'A single article or page within a wiki.'@en .
comment: Information about a particular topic in one of the versions of Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia (http://www.wikipedia.org/).
term status: stable

work
type: Class
subclass of: Work
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Work
    on property: has part
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: Work
    on property: is part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: expression
  on property: has realization
example: :my-work a fabio:Work ; dcterms:title 'Towards a new Semantic Web'@en ; frbr:realization :my-expression ; dcterms:description 'A conceptual endeavor as imagined by its creator.'@en .
comment: A subclass of FRBR Work, restricted to works that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define bibliographic references.
term status: stable
scope note: FaBiO works, and their expressions and manifestations, are primarily textual publications such as books, magazines, newspapers and journals, and items of their content. However, they also include datasets, computer algorithms, experimental protocols, formal specifications and vocabularies, legal records, governmental papers, technical and commercial reports and similar publications, and also bibliographies, reference lists, library catalogues and similar collections. For this reason, `fabio:Work` is not an equivalent class to `frbr:ScholarlyWork`. An example of a `fabio:Work` is your latest research paper. A `fabio:Work` can only have part or be part of another `fabio:Work`. Moreover, it can be realized only by instances of `fabio:Expression`.

work collection
type: Class
subclass of: work
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: work
  on property: has part
creator: A collection of works.
example: :my-work-collection a fabio:WorkCollection ; dcterms:title 'John Doe's works'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; frbr:part :my-work, :my-another-work ; dcterms:description 'A collection of works, for example the 'complete works' of an author.'@en .
term status: stable

work package
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-work-package a fabio:WorkPackage ; dcterms:title 'Work Package 1'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A major building block of a project's work plan.'@en .
comment: A component of the case for support of a grant application, describing a particular aspect of the work to be undertaken.
term status: stable

workflow
type: Class
subclass of: specification
example: :my-workflow a fabio:Workflow ; dcterms:title 'Genomics data analysis workflow'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A sequence of connected steps, which may be automated, that are used to achieve a particular goal.'@en .
comment: A recorded sequence of connected steps, which may be automated, specifying a reliably repeatable sequence of operations to be undertaken when conducting a particular job, for example an in silico investigation that extracts and processes information from a number of bioinformatics databases.
term status: stable

working paper
type: Class
subclass of: work
example: :my-working-paper a fabio:WorkingPaper ; dcterms:title 'Preliminary analysis of new markets in 2026'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; dcterms:description 'A technical report or draft of a research paper that has not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal.'@en .
comment: An unpublished paper, usually circulated privately among a small group of peers, to provide information or with a request for comments or editorial improvement.
term status: stable

workshop paper
type: Class
subclass of: proceedings paper
example: :my-workshop-paper a fabio:WorkshopPaper ; dcterms:title 'New perspectives for Linked Data analysis'@en ; dcterms:description 'A paper presented at a workshop and potentially published in the workshop proceedings.'@en .
comment: A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually presented at a workshop and published within a workshop proceedings volume.
term status: stable

workshop proceedings
type: Class
subclass of: academic proceedings
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: workshop paper
  on property: has part
example: :my-workshop-proceedings a fabio:WorkshopProceedings ; dcterms:title 'Proceedings of the International Workshop on Linked Open Data 2026'@en ; frbr:part :my-workshop-paper ; dcterms:description 'A collection of papers presented at a workshop.'@en .
comment: A document containing the programme and collected workshop papers, or their abstracts, presented at a workshop or similar event.
term status: stable

concept
type: Class
disjoint with: concept scheme
example: :my-concept a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel 'Semantic Web'@en ; skos:definition 'An extension of the World Wide Web that enables computers to interpret the meaning of data.'@en ; skos:inScheme :my-concept-scheme .
rationale: The notion of a SKOS concept is useful when describing the conceptual or intellectual structure of a knowledge organization system, and when referring to specific ideas or meanings established within a KOS.
comment: A SKOS concept can be viewed as an idea or notion; a unit of thought. However, what constitutes a unit of thought is subjective, and this definition is meant to be suggestive, rather than restrictive.
term status: stable
scope note: Note that, because SKOS is designed to be a vehicle for representing semi-formal KOS, such as thesauri and classification schemes, a certain amount of flexibility has been built in to the formal definition of this class.

concept scheme
type: Class
example: :my-concept-scheme a skos:ConceptScheme ; dcterms:title 'Semantic Web Technologies'@en ; dcterms:creator :john-doe ; skos:hasTopConcept :semantic-web ; dcterms:description 'An organized set of concepts.'@en .
rationale: The notion of a concept scheme is useful when dealing with data from an unknown source, and when dealing with data that describes two or more different knowledge organization systems.
comment: A SKOS concept scheme can be viewed as an aggregation of one or more SKOS concepts.
term status: stable
scope note: Semantic relationships (links) between those concepts may also be viewed as part of a concept scheme. This definition is, however, meant to be suggestive rather than restrictive, and there is some flexibility in the formal data model.

analog magnetic tape
type: NamedIndividual
type: analog storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:analog-magnetic-tape .
comment: An analog medium for magnetic recording of audio and video information, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow plastic tape, typically wound on a spool.
term status: stable

CD
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:cd .
comment: A non-rewritable optical disc used to store digital data.
label: compact disk
term status: stable

cloud
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:cloud .
comment: A distributed and commoditized Internet-based computing resource, whereby shared services, software programs, and information storage facilities are provided to computers and other devices on demand, at locations of which the user may be unaware, like the electricity grid.
term status: stable

digital magnetic tape
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:digital-magnetic-tape .
comment: A rewritable digital medium for magnetic recording of audio, video and other data, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic, usually wound on a spool.
term status: stable

DVD
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:dvd .
comment: A non-rewritable optical disc storage medium resembling a compact disc (CD), usually used for video and data storage. A DVD has the same physical dimensions as a CD, but is capable of storing more than six times as much data.
label: digital versatile disc
label: digital video disc
term status: stable

film
type: NamedIndividual
type: analog storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:film .
comment: A thin flexible strip of plastic or other material coated with light-sensitive emulsion upon which images can be recorded, typically using a camera, usually used to record photographic images or motion pictures.
term status: stable

floppy disk
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:floppy-disk .
comment: A rewritable data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Data are encoded magnetically by a read/write head that float on a cushion of air in close proximity to the surface of the rotated disk.
term status: stable

HD
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-fabio-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:hard-drive .
comment: A non-volatile storage device for digital data, composed of one or more rigid discs (platters) mounted side by side on a motor-driven spindle within a metal case. Data are encoded magnetically by read/write heads that float on cushions of air in close proximity to the surfaces of the rotated platters.
label: hard drive
term status: stable

internet
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:internet .
comment: A global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. The internet connects millions of private, public, academic, business and governmental computers, that are individually attached to local networks linked together by a broad array of electronic, radio and optical networking technologies to form the internet.
term status: stable

intranet
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:intranet .
comment: A private computer network, unconnected to the internet or separated from it by a firewall, that uses a network operating system and Internet Protocol technologies to permit an organization's information to be shared securely within that organization.
term status: stable

paper
type: NamedIndividual
type: analog storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:paper .
comment: A thin flat material, typically made from wood pulp, mainly used for writing upon, for printing upon or for packaging.
term status: stable

RAM
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:ram .
comment: Abbreviation of Random Access Memory. A form of rewritable computer data storage that takes the form of integrated circuits that allow data to be stored and accessed in any order (i.e. at random), thereby achieving greater speed than for access of data stored in linear form on digital magnetic tape.
label: random access memory
term status: stable

solid state memory
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:solid-state-memory .
comment: A digital storage device built entirely from solid electronic materials with no moving parts, e.g. a USB flash drive.
term status: stable

vinyl disk
type: NamedIndividual
type: analog storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:vinyl .
comment: An analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc made of moulded vinyl plastic with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.
term status: stable

World Wide Web
type: NamedIndividual
type: digital storage medium
example: :my-item a fabio:Item ; fabio:isStoredOn fabio:web .
comment: A system of interlinked hypertext documents written in HTML and accessed using the HTTP protocol via the Internet.
term status: stable

SupplementaryInformationFile
comment: A file accompanying a published journal article, containing additional information of relevance to the article, typically available from the publisher's web site via a hyperlink from the journal article itself.