endeavour

http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour

as defined in The Funding, Research Administration and Projects Ontology (FRAPO)

bibliographic citation
David Shotton. The Funding, Research Administration and Projects Ontology. Revision: 1.2.0. http://purl.org/spar/frapo.
code repository
contributor
Silvio Peroni (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)
Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)
creator
David Shotton (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5506-523X)
date
2026-08-14
description
The **_Funding, Research Administration and Projects Ontology (FRAPO)_** is a [CERIF-compliant](http://www.eurocris.org/cerif/main-features-cerif) ontology for describing administrative information relating to grant funding and research projects. It can be used for the characterization of grant applications (e.g., `frapo:Grant`), funding bodies (e.g., `frapo:University`), research projects, project partners, etc.; in other words, the sort of information stored in Current Research Information Systems (CRIS). It can also be used to describe other types of projects, for example building projects and educational projects. FRAPO, which is written in OWL 2 DL, imports [FOAF](http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/) for characterizing people. FRAPO is designed to be used in conjunction with [SCoRO](https://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/scoro) that provides structured vocabulary terms to describe the contributions (`scoro:Contribution`) and roles of scholars (`pro:Role`), and the organizations of which they are members, with respect to projects, research investigations and other academic activities describable using FRAPO, and to the scholarly journal articles and other outputs that result from them. ![The main architecture of FRAPO.](frapo.png) Terms for documents of relevance to the scholarly domain covered by FRAPO, including grant applications, project plans, project reports, datasets and journal articles, are already provided by [FaBiO](https://www.sparontologies.net/ontologies/fabio) and are therefore not included within FRAPO. FRAPO also permits descriptions of various types of applications, funding programs, infrastructure entities (e.g., services and research facilities), and a wide range of financial entities (e.g., accounts, contracts, quotations, purchases, invoices and payments), and the relationships between them (e.g., has application outcome, is manufactured by, is purchased by, has dispatch date, has purchase order number, has acronym) not shown in the diagram above. ## Examples of use In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use FRAPO. The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows: @prefix : <http://www.sparontologies.net/example/> . @prefix fabio: <http://purl.org/spar/fabio/> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix frapo: <http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/> . @prefix person: <http://data.semanticweb.org/person/> . @prefix org: <http://data.semanticweb.org/organization/> . @prefix pro: <http://purl.org/spar/pro/> . @prefix scoro: <http://purl.org/spar/scoro/> . ### Describing fundings, investigations and research outputs The specification of the connection between a research paper, the investigation done and discussed in it and the funds that allowed such investigation are important aspects to describe in the paper itself. Usually, such aspects are introduced in a footnote or, even better, in an appropriate acknowledgement section that describe them in natural language. The use of FRAPO in combination with other SPAR Ontologies such as FaBiO and SCoRO permits the description of the aforementioned aspects in RDF. For instance, the well-known paper published by a young Peter Mika and entitled "Ontologies are us: a unified model of social networks and semantics" has been one of the outcomes of Mika's investigation founded by his Ph.D. scholarship. FRAPO allows one to explicitly describe all of this by means of its several classes and properties. org:vrije-universiteit-amsterdam a frapo:University ; foaf:name "Free University Amsterdam"@en ; frapo:awards :phd-scholarship-2004 . :investigation a frapo:Investigation ; frapo:hasOutput <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2006.11.002> . :phd-scholarship-2004 a frapo:Scholarship ; foaf:name "Ph.D. Scholarship 2004" ; frapo:funds :investigation . person:peter-mika a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Peter Mika" ; pro:holdsRoleInTime :affiliation-vua ; scoro:makesContribution :mika-writes-draft , :mika-revises-manuscript . :mika-writes-draft a scoro:ContributionSituation ; scoro:withContribution scoro:writes-manuscript-draft ; scoro:withContributionEffort scoro:solo-effort ; scoro:relatesToEntity <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2006.11.002> . :mika-revises-manuscript a scoro:ContributionSituation ; scoro:withContribution scoro:revises-manuscript ; scoro:withContributionEffort scoro:solo-effort ; scoro:relatesToEntity <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2006.11.002> . :affiliation-vua a pro:RoleInTime ; pro:withRole scoro:affiliate ; pro:relatesToOrganization org:vrije-universiteit-amsterdam ; pro:relatesToDocument <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2006.11.002> . ## Competency Questions FRAPO can be used for answering several questions related to administrative information about grant funding and research projects. In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries. The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows: PREFIX frapo: <http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/> PREFIX scoro: <http://purl.org/spar/scoro/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX pro: <http://purl.org/spar/pro/> ### CQ1 Which funding awards or scholarships are granted by a university? SELECT ?university ?universityName ?award ?awardName WHERE { ?university a frapo:University ; frapo:awards ?award . OPTIONAL { ?university foaf:name ?universityName . } OPTIONAL { ?award foaf:name ?awardName . } } ### CQ2 Which investigation is funded by a specific scholarship? SELECT ?fundingAward ?awardName ?investigation WHERE { ?fundingAward a frapo:Scholarship ; frapo:funds ?investigation . ?investigation a frapo:Investigation . OPTIONAL { ?fundingAward foaf:name ?awardName . } } ### CQ3 What outputs are produced by an investigation? SELECT ?investigation ?outputDocument WHERE { ?investigation a frapo:Investigation ; frapo:hasOutput ?outputDocument . } ### CQ4 Which funding awards granted by a university finance an investigation that produced a document to which an author is affiliated? SELECT ?person ?university ?award ?investigation ?document WHERE { ?person a foaf:Person ; pro:holdsRoleInTime ?roleInTime . ?roleInTime pro:relatesToOrganization ?university ; pro:relatesToDocument ?document . ?university a frapo:University ; frapo:awards ?award . ?award frapo:funds ?investigation . ?investigation frapo:hasOutput ?document . } ### CQ5 What specific contributions are made by a person toward an output document resulting from a funded investigation? SELECT ?person ?contributionType ?effort ?document ?investigation WHERE { ?person a foaf:Person ; scoro:makesContribution ?situation . ?situation a scoro:ContributionSituation ; scoro:withContribution ?contributionType ; scoro:relatesToEntity ?document . ?investigation a frapo:Investigation ; frapo:hasOutput ?document . OPTIONAL { ?situation scoro:withContributionEffort ?effort . } }
doi
https://doi.org/10.25504/FAIRsharing.0a2576
has creation date
2014-01-31
image
imports
included in data catalog
is backward compatible with
issued
2017-09-04
keywords
bibliometrics
scholarly publishing
scientometrics
semantic publishing
scholarly funding
license
logo
modified
2026-08-14
preferred namespace prefix
frapo
preferred namespace uri
http://purl.org/spar/frapo
prior version
publisher
see also
source
status
title
The Funding, Research Administration and Projects Ontology (FRAPO)
version
version info
1.2.0
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

endeavour
c

IRI: http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour

comment
An activity, such as a research investigation, that is enabled by a project.
en
is defined by
http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/
is sub concept of
thingc
label
endeavour
en
note
An endeavour relates to the academic and practical aspects of undertaking that endeavour - thus for a research investigation the research itself, including the hypotheses being investigated, the experiments being undertaken, the data being gathered and analysed, the interpretations being drawn from the data, and the results obtained. In contrast, the project relates to the administrative aspects of undertaking an endeavour, including the funding obtained, the people employed, and the management of the project in terms of deadlines and deliverables.
en
example
:my-endeavour a frapo:Endeavour ; frapo:isEnabledBy :my-project .
term status

@prefix frapo: <http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix reg: <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix vs: <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#> .

frapo:Endeavour a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "endeavour"@en ;
    vann:example """
    :my-endeavour a frapo:Endeavour ;
        frapo:isEnabledBy :my-project .
    """ ;
    rdfs:comment "An activity, such as a research investigation, that is enabled by a project."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy frapo: ;
    rdfs:subClassOf owl:Thing ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable ;
    skos:note """
 An endeavour relates to the academic and practical aspects of undertaking that endeavour - thus for a research investigation the research itself, including the hypotheses being investigated, the experiments being undertaken, the data being gathered and analysed, the interpretations being drawn from the data, and the results obtained. 
 In contrast, the project relates to the administrative aspects of undertaking an endeavour, including the funding obtained, the people employed, and the management of the project in terms of deadlines and deliverables.
    """@en .


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
   xmlns:vann="http://purl.org/vocab/vann/"
   xmlns:vs="http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour">
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">endeavour</rdfs:label>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
    <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/"/>
    <rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">An activity, such as a research investigation, that is enabled by a project.</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"/>
    <skos:note xml:lang="en">
 An endeavour relates to the academic and practical aspects of undertaking that endeavour - thus for a research investigation the research itself, including the hypotheses being investigated, the experiments being undertaken, the data being gathered and analysed, the interpretations being drawn from the data, and the results obtained. 
 In contrast, the project relates to the administrative aspects of undertaking an endeavour, including the funding obtained, the people employed, and the management of the project in terms of deadlines and deliverables.
    </skos:note>
    <vann:example>
    :my-endeavour a frapo:Endeavour ;
        frapo:isEnabledBy :my-project .
    </vann:example>
    <vs:term_status rdf:resource="http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

[
  {
    "@id": "http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
    ],
    "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example": [
      {
        "@value": "\n    :my-endeavour a frapo:Endeavour ;\n        frapo:isEnabledBy :my-project .\n    "
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "An activity, such as a research investigation, that is enabled by a project."
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
      {
        "@id": "http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "endeavour"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf": [
      {
        "@id": "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status": [
      {
        "@id": "http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "\n An endeavour relates to the academic and practical aspects of undertaking that endeavour - thus for a research investigation the research itself, including the hypotheses being investigated, the experiments being undertaken, the data being gathered and analysed, the interpretations being drawn from the data, and the results obtained. \n In contrast, the project relates to the administrative aspects of undertaking an endeavour, including the funding obtained, the people employed, and the management of the project in terms of deadlines and deliverables.\n    "
      }
    ]
  }
]
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "endeavour"@en .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note> "\n An endeavour relates to the academic and practical aspects of undertaking that endeavour - thus for a research investigation the research itself, including the hypotheses being investigated, the experiments being undertaken, the data being gathered and analysed, the interpretations being drawn from the data, and the results obtained. \n In contrast, the project relates to the administrative aspects of undertaking an endeavour, including the funding obtained, the people employed, and the management of the project in terms of deadlines and deliverables.\n    "@en .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status> <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable> .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> <http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/> .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "An activity, such as a research investigation, that is enabled by a project."@en .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example> "\n    :my-endeavour a frapo:Endeavour ;\n        frapo:isEnabledBy :my-project .\n    " .
<http://purl.org/cerif/frapo/Endeavour> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#subClassOf> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Thing> .
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