thing

Di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F. (2012). Afirst approach to the automatic recognition ofstructural patterns in XML documents. In Proceedingsof the 2012 ACM symposium on Document Engineering(DocEng 2012): 85-94. DOI: 10.1145/2361354.2361374

* **v1.4.3**: Added new documentation, including annotation properties (e.g., `bibo:doi`, `schema:codeRepository`, etc.), term properties (e.g., `vann:example`, `vs:term_status`, etc.), exemplary competency questions with their respective SPARQL queries, and a Grafoo diagram.

Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)

2013-07-16

Fabio Vitali (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-5203)

Silvio Peroni (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)

Angelo Di Iorio (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-7452)

2026-09-21

The **_Pattern Ontology (PO)_** is an OWL 2 DL ontology that formally defines patterns for segmenting a document into atomic components, in order to be manipulated independently and re-flowed in different contexts.  Structural patterns allow representing document elements (such as sections, paragraphs, lists, metadata, and tables) through abstract, reusable primitives independent of specific markup syntaxes. ## Examples of use In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use PO. The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows: @prefix : <http://sparontologies.net/example/> . @prefix po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> . @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . ### Structural decomposition of a document section With PO, it is possible to represent document elements and how they manifest as patterns occurring within the document's stucture itself. For example, the following example shows how to use PO to model a section defined as a headed container and containing a heading block as its header and a body paragraph block containing inline text and atom elements. :section-1 a po:HeadedContainer ; po:hasName "section" ; po:containsAsHeader :heading-1 ; po:contains :paragraph-1 . :heading-1 a po:Block ; po:hasName "h1" ; po:contains :text-heading . :paragraph-1 a po:Block ; po:hasName "p" ; po:contains :text-span . :text-span a po:Inline ; po:hasName "span" ; po:contains :atom-text . :text-heading a po:Atom ; po:hasName "text" . :atom-text a po:Atom ; po:hasName "text" . ## Competency Questions PO can be used for answering several questions related to the atomic components that form a document accoridng to certain patterns. In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries. The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows: PREFIX po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> ### CQ1 Which header elements are contained within a headed container? SELECT ?header WHERE { ?section a po:headedContainer ; po:containsAsHeader ?header . } ### CQ2 Which block elements are directly contained within a container? SELECT ?block WHERE { ?section po:contains ?block . ?block a po:Block . }

TBA

2013-07-16

document engineering

semantic publishing

documents

scholarly publishing

2026-09-21

po

http://purl.org/spar/po

The Pattern Ontology (PO)

1.4.3