field element

http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field

as defined in The Pattern Ontology (PO)

bibliographic citation
Di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F. (2012). Afirst approach to the automatic recognition ofstructural patterns in XML documents. In Proceedingsof the 2012 ACM symposium on Document Engineering(DocEng 2012): 85-94. DOI: 10.1145/2361354.2361374
changes
* **v1.4.3**: Added new documentation, including annotation properties (e.g., `bibo:doi`, `schema:codeRepository`, etc.), term properties (e.g., `vann:example`, `vs:term_status`, etc.), exemplary competency questions with their respective SPARQL queries, and a Grafoo diagram.
code repository
contributor
Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)
created
2013-07-16
creator
Fabio Vitali (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-5203)
Silvio Peroni (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)
Angelo Di Iorio (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-7452)
date
2026-09-21
description
The **_Pattern Ontology (PO)_** is an OWL 2 DL ontology that formally defines patterns for segmenting a document into atomic components, in order to be manipulated independently and re-flowed in different contexts. ![The main architecture of PO.](po.png) Structural patterns allow representing document elements (such as sections, paragraphs, lists, metadata, and tables) through abstract, reusable primitives independent of specific markup syntaxes. ## Examples of use In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use PO. The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows: @prefix : <http://sparontologies.net/example/> . @prefix po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> . @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . ### Structural decomposition of a document section With PO, it is possible to represent document elements and how they manifest as patterns occurring within the document's stucture itself. For example, the following example shows how to use PO to model a section defined as a headed container and containing a heading block as its header and a body paragraph block containing inline text and atom elements. :section-1 a po:HeadedContainer ; po:hasName "section" ; po:containsAsHeader :heading-1 ; po:contains :paragraph-1 . :heading-1 a po:Block ; po:hasName "h1" ; po:contains :text-heading . :paragraph-1 a po:Block ; po:hasName "p" ; po:contains :text-span . :text-span a po:Inline ; po:hasName "span" ; po:contains :atom-text . :text-heading a po:Atom ; po:hasName "text" . :atom-text a po:Atom ; po:hasName "text" . ## Competency Questions PO can be used for answering several questions related to the atomic components that form a document accoridng to certain patterns. In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries. The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows: PREFIX po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> ### CQ1 Which header elements are contained within a headed container? SELECT ?header WHERE { ?section a po:headedContainer ; po:containsAsHeader ?header . } ### CQ2 Which block elements are directly contained within a container? SELECT ?block WHERE { ?section po:contains ?block . ?block a po:Block . }
doi
TBA
image
included in data catalog
is backward compatible with
issued
2013-07-16
keywords
document engineering
semantic publishing
documents
scholarly publishing
license
logo
modified
2026-09-21
preferred namespace prefix
po
preferred namespace uri
http://purl.org/spar/po
prior version
publisher
source
status
title
The Pattern Ontology (PO)
version
version info
1.4.3
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

field element
c

IRI: http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field

comment
Literal metadata or text that is not really part of the document body.
en
is disjoint with
atom elementc
is defined by
http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#
is equivalent to
(
flat elementc
and
is contained byop
only (
container elementc
or
popup elementc
) )
label
field element
en
example
:my-author-name a po:Field ; po:isContainedBy :my-author-header .
term status
note
Its main difference with `po:Meta` is that `po:Field` can contain textual content.
en

@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix reg: <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix vs: <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#> .

po:Field a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "field element"@en ;
    vann:example """
        :my-author-name a po:Field ;
                po:isContainedBy :my-author-header .
        """ ;
    rdfs:comment "Literal metadata or text that is not really part of the document body."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy po: ;
    owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
            owl:intersectionOf ( po:Flat [ a owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:allValuesFrom [ a owl:Class ;
                                owl:unionOf ( po:Container po:Popup ) ] ;
                        owl:onProperty po:isContainedBy ] ) ] ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable ;
    skos:note """
Its main difference with `po:Meta` is that `po:Field` can contain textual content.
    """@en .


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#"
   xmlns:vann="http://purl.org/vocab/vann/"
   xmlns:vs="http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field">
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">field element</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#"/>
    <rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">Literal metadata or text that is not really part of the document body.</rdfs:comment>
    <owl:equivalentClass rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
    <vann:example>
        :my-author-name a po:Field ;
                po:isContainedBy :my-author-header .
        </vann:example>
    <vs:term_status rdf:resource="http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable"/>
    <skos:note xml:lang="en">
Its main difference with `po:Meta` is that `po:Field` can contain textual content.
    </skos:note>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b35">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Popup"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
    <owl:unionOf rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b34"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b36">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Flat"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b37"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
    <owl:intersectionOf rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b36"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b37">
    <rdf:first rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b34">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Container"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b35"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"/>
    <owl:allValuesFrom rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33"/>
    <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#isContainedBy"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

[
  {
    "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
    ],
    "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example": [
      {
        "@value": "\n        :my-author-name a po:Field ;\n                po:isContainedBy :my-author-header .\n        "
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "Literal metadata or text that is not really part of the document body."
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
      {
        "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "field element"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass": [
      {
        "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status": [
      {
        "@id": "http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "\nIts main difference with `po:Meta` is that `po:Field` can contain textual content.\n    "
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#intersectionOf": [
      {
        "@list": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Flat"
          },
          {
            "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#allValuesFrom": [
      {
        "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty": [
      {
        "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#isContainedBy"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#unionOf": [
      {
        "@list": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Container"
          },
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Popup"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
]
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status> <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b35 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#unionOf> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b34 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b36 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Flat> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#intersectionOf> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b36 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b37 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b34 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b35 .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "field element"@en .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b34 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Container> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example> "\n        :my-author-name a po:Field ;\n                po:isContainedBy :my-author-header .\n        " .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "Literal metadata or text that is not really part of the document body."@en .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b31 .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note> "\nIts main difference with `po:Meta` is that `po:Field` can contain textual content.\n    "@en .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b36 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b37 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Field> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b37 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#isContainedBy> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b32 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#allValuesFrom> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b33 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b35 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Popup> .
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