table element

http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table

as defined in The Pattern Ontology (PO)

bibliographic citation
Di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F. (2012). Afirst approach to the automatic recognition ofstructural patterns in XML documents. In Proceedingsof the 2012 ACM symposium on Document Engineering(DocEng 2012): 85-94. DOI: 10.1145/2361354.2361374
changes
* **v1.4.3**: Added new documentation, including annotation properties (e.g., `bibo:doi`, `schema:codeRepository`, etc.), term properties (e.g., `vann:example`, `vs:term_status`, etc.), exemplary competency questions with their respective SPARQL queries, and a Grafoo diagram.
code repository
contributor
Sebastian Barzaghi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0799-1527)
created
2013-07-16
creator
Fabio Vitali (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-5203)
Silvio Peroni (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0530-4305)
Angelo Di Iorio (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6893-7452)
date
2026-09-21
description
The **_Pattern Ontology (PO)_** is an OWL 2 DL ontology that formally defines patterns for segmenting a document into atomic components, in order to be manipulated independently and re-flowed in different contexts. ![The main architecture of PO.](po.png) Structural patterns allow representing document elements (such as sections, paragraphs, lists, metadata, and tables) through abstract, reusable primitives independent of specific markup syntaxes. ## Examples of use In the following subsections, we introduce some examples to showcase how to use PO. The prefixes that are used in all the examples provided below are defined as follows: @prefix : <http://sparontologies.net/example/> . @prefix po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> . @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . ### Structural decomposition of a document section With PO, it is possible to represent document elements and how they manifest as patterns occurring within the document's stucture itself. For example, the following example shows how to use PO to model a section defined as a headed container and containing a heading block as its header and a body paragraph block containing inline text and atom elements. :section-1 a po:HeadedContainer ; po:hasName "section" ; po:containsAsHeader :heading-1 ; po:contains :paragraph-1 . :heading-1 a po:Block ; po:hasName "h1" ; po:contains :text-heading . :paragraph-1 a po:Block ; po:hasName "p" ; po:contains :text-span . :text-span a po:Inline ; po:hasName "span" ; po:contains :atom-text . :text-heading a po:Atom ; po:hasName "text" . :atom-text a po:Atom ; po:hasName "text" . ## Competency Questions PO can be used for answering several questions related to the atomic components that form a document accoridng to certain patterns. In the following subsections, some of them are introduced together with their respective SPARQL queries. The prefixes that are used in all the SPARQL queries provided below are defined as follows: PREFIX po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> ### CQ1 Which header elements are contained within a headed container? SELECT ?header WHERE { ?section a po:headedContainer ; po:containsAsHeader ?header . } ### CQ2 Which block elements are directly contained within a container? SELECT ?block WHERE { ?section po:contains ?block . ?block a po:Block . }
doi
TBA
image
included in data catalog
is backward compatible with
issued
2013-07-16
keywords
document engineering
semantic publishing
documents
scholarly publishing
license
logo
modified
2026-09-21
preferred namespace prefix
po
preferred namespace uri
http://purl.org/spar/po
prior version
publisher
source
status
title
The Pattern Ontology (PO)
version
version info
1.4.3
Other visualisation
WebVOWL Source
Export
Turtle RDF/XML JSON-LD N-Triples

table element
c

IRI: http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table

comment
A container element that must contain only homogeneous elements (but they can be repeated).
en
is disjoint with
headed-container elementc,
record elementc
is defined by
http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#
is equivalent to
(
container elementc
and
can contain heteronymous elementsdp
value false and
can contain homonymous elementsdp
value true )
label
table element
en
term status
example
:my-list a po:Table ; po:canContainHeteronymousElements false ; po:canContainHomonymousElements true . 

@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix po: <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix reg: <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix vs: <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

po:Table a owl:Class ;
    rdfs:label "table element"@en ;
    vann:example """
        :my-list a po:Table ;
                po:canContainHeteronymousElements false ;
                po:canContainHomonymousElements true .
        """ ;
    rdfs:comment "A container element that must contain only homogeneous elements (but they can be repeated)."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy po: ;
    owl:equivalentClass [ a owl:Class ;
            owl:intersectionOf ( po:Container [ a owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:hasValue false ;
                        owl:onProperty po:canContainHeteronymousElements ] [ a owl:Restriction ;
                        owl:hasValue true ;
                        owl:onProperty po:canContainHomonymousElements ] ) ] ;
    vs:term_status reg:statusStable .

[] a owl:AllDisjointClasses ;
    owl:members ( po:HeadedContainer po:Record po:Table ) .


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:vann="http://purl.org/vocab/vann/"
   xmlns:vs="http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table">
    <rdfs:comment xml:lang="en">A container element that must contain only homogeneous elements (but they can be repeated).</rdfs:comment>
    <rdfs:label xml:lang="en">table element</rdfs:label>
    <rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#"/>
    <owl:equivalentClass rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
    <vs:term_status rdf:resource="http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable"/>
    <vann:example>
        :my-list a po:Table ;
                po:canContainHeteronymousElements false ;
                po:canContainHomonymousElements true .
        </vann:example>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"/>
    <owl:hasValue rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean">false</owl:hasValue>
    <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#canContainHeteronymousElements"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b53">
    <rdf:first rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b54"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b52">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Container"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b53"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b144">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AllDisjointClasses"/>
    <owl:members rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b145"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b54">
    <rdf:first rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b147">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"/>
    <owl:intersectionOf rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b52"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"/>
    <owl:hasValue rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean">true</owl:hasValue>
    <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#canContainHomonymousElements"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b145">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#HeadedContainer"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b146"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b146">
    <rdf:first rdf:resource="http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Record"/>
    <rdf:rest rdf:nodeID="nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b147"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

[
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b144",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AllDisjointClasses"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#members": [
      {
        "@list": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#HeadedContainer"
          },
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Record"
          },
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
    ],
    "http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example": [
      {
        "@value": "\n        :my-list a po:Table ;\n                po:canContainHeteronymousElements false ;\n                po:canContainHomonymousElements true .\n        "
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "A container element that must contain only homogeneous elements (but they can be repeated)."
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy": [
      {
        "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
      {
        "@language": "en",
        "@value": "table element"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass": [
      {
        "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49"
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status": [
      {
        "@id": "http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#intersectionOf": [
      {
        "@list": [
          {
            "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Container"
          },
          {
            "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50"
          },
          {
            "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#hasValue": [
      {
        "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean",
        "@value": false
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty": [
      {
        "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#canContainHeteronymousElements"
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "@id": "_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51",
    "@type": [
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction"
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#hasValue": [
      {
        "@type": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean",
        "@value": true
      }
    ],
    "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty": [
      {
        "@id": "http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#canContainHomonymousElements"
      }
    ]
  }
]
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/example> "\n        :my-list a po:Table ;\n                po:canContainHeteronymousElements false ;\n                po:canContainHomonymousElements true .\n        " .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#canContainHeteronymousElements> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b53 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b54 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b52 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b53 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "A container element that must contain only homogeneous elements (but they can be repeated)."@en .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status> <http://purl.org/linked-data/registry#statusStable> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#equivalentClass> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b144 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#AllDisjointClasses> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#hasValue> "false"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b54 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b144 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#members> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b145 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b53 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b50 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b147 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#nil> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b52 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Container> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#intersectionOf> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b52 .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "table element"@en .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b49 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#onProperty> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#canContainHomonymousElements> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b54 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Restriction> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b145 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b146 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b147 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> .
<http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Table> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Class> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b146 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#rest> _:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b147 .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b145 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#HeadedContainer> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b51 <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#hasValue> "true"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean> .
_:nbb8eeaf6fa2b4101bbf5d8c485edaab7b146 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#first> <http://www.essepuntato.it/2008/12/pattern#Record> .
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